Latest Articles from NeoBiota Latest 100 Articles from NeoBiota https://neobiota.pensoft.net/ Tue, 19 Mar 2024 04:01:14 +0200 Pensoft FeedCreator https://neobiota.pensoft.net/i/logo.jpg Latest Articles from NeoBiota https://neobiota.pensoft.net/ Variation in root traits and phenotypic plasticity between native and introduced populations of the invasive plant Chromolaena odorata https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/110985/ NeoBiota 92: 45-60

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.92.110985

Authors: Yang-Ping Li, Wei-Tao Li, Yan-Fen Niu, Yu-Long Feng

Abstract: Understanding intraspecific trait variations, particularly for invasive species that occupy large geographic areas with different resource conditions, can enhance our understanding of plant responses to changes in environmental resources. However, most related studies have focused on aboveground traits, while variations in root traits and responses to changes in resources during biological invasion have not been clarified. To fill this knowledge gap, we compared the root traits of Chromolaena odorata from 10 introduced populations in Southeast Asia and 12 native populations in North and Central America under different soil nutrients. The introduced populations of the invader exhibited greater resource-acquisitive root traits, characterized by reduced fine root diameter but increased proportions of absorbing root length and specific root length, compared to the native populations. Although nutrient addition significantly affected root traits, the introduced populations showed greater phenotypic plasticity in four traits (root / shoot ratio, specific root length, absorbing root length proportion, and branching intensity) than the native populations. Different root trait syndromes were observed between the introduced and native populations. These results indicate that after introduction, C. odorata may shift towards a more soil resource-acquisitive strategy and thus respond more positively to increased soils nutrients, thereby showing better performance in high-resource environments. This study provides a better understanding of how species respond to environment changes and reveals the factors underlying exotic plant invasion success.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Fri, 15 Mar 2024 13:59:57 +0200
Impacts of native and alien plant dominants at different spatial scales https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/116392/ NeoBiota 92: 29-43

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.92.116392

Authors: Alessandra Kortz, Martin Hejda, Jan Pergl, Josef Kutlvašr, Petr Petřík, Jiří Sádlo, Michaela Vítková, Martin Vojík, Petr Pyšek

Abstract: Plant invasion science has made a substantial progress in documenting the impacts of aliens, but comparisons with the impacts of native dominants are still rare. Further, the impacts on larger spatial scales remain poorly understood. We recorded the impacts of 10 native and nine invasive dominant plants in the Czech Republic on species richness and Shannon diversity by comparing communities with high vs. low cover of the dominant species. To estimate the impacts at the (i) population level and (ii) between-population level, we compared the Jaccard dissimilarity, nestedness and turnover of high- and low-dominance plots. Further, we calculated the Jaccard dissimilarity, nestedness and turnover between the high- and low-dominance plots within each population to express the impacts on species composition. We tested whether (i) native and invasive dominants affect the population- and between population levels of diversity by making the vegetation more homogenous; (ii) whether these effects differ between the native and alien dominants; and (iii) whether the impacts at different spatial levels are related. At the population level, high-dominance plots (with both native and alien dominants) showed higher nestedness and lower turnover compared to the low-dominance plots. Further, all plots with native dominants, both with high- and low dominance, showed higher similarity but lower nestedness than plots with alien dominants. Most importantly, high-dominance plots with native dominants were more similar to each other but showed marginally significantly lower nestedness compared to high-dominance plots with alien dominants. At the between-population level, high-dominance plots with native dominants showed a marginally significantly lower turnover compared to high-dominance plots with alien dominants. The differences in Jaccard dissimilarity, nestedness and turnover between the low- and high-dominance plots at the population level showed strong positive relations to low- and high-dominance differences at the between-populations level. Further, compositional impacts, expressed as the dissimilarity between high- vs. low-dominance plots, positively related to the plot-level impacts on Shannon diversity. Our results show that (i) both native and invasive dominants tend to reduce the diversity over larger areas and that the effect of native dominants may be even stronger, and (ii) the effects on plot-level richness and diversity cannot be easily extrapolated to larger scales but the impacts at the population- and between-populations levels are positively related.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Tue, 12 Mar 2024 17:46:02 +0200
Detailed analysis of prey taxonomic composition indicates feeding habitat partitioning amongst co-occurring invasive gobies and native European perch https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/116033/ NeoBiota 92: 1-23

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.92.116033

Authors: Joanna Grabowska, Mateusz Płóciennik, Michał Grabowski

Abstract: One of the negative impacts of non-native invasive species on trophic interactions in an invaded ecosystem occurs via increased interspecific competition for food resources between the invader and local species of the same food niche. In freshwaters, there are usually several fish species that feed on similar food resources. Ponto-Caspian gobies are amongst the most successful and widespread invaders colonising European waterways. They have a wide food niche and an opportunistic feeding strategy, with a focus on benthic invertebrates and piscivory occurring occasionally mainly in the case of large individuals. Competition with native percids for food resources is predicted on the basis of high dietary overlap. However, studies published so far provide no unequivocal answer. In order to resolve this question, we conducted a comparative taxonomic analysis of gut content, with an emphasis on chironomids and amphipods, of the invasive monkey goby (Neogobius fluviatilis), racer goby (Babka gymnotrachelus) and the native Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis) occurring sympatrically in a large lowland European river, the Bug River in Poland. We found that each species forages in slightly different habitats, as indicated by the different composition of prey species in the gut content. This suggests feeding niche partitioning between the studied species facilitating their co-existence and reduction or avoidance of competition for food resources. Resource partitioning regarding prey types and foraging habitats is a mechanism for permitting the co-existence of closely-related alien gobies with similar food preferences in the invaded waters and co-occurrence with local species. This mechanism can contribute to their invasion success, as observed in European waters during the recent decades. We also demonstrate that precise prey identification to the lowest possible taxon is crucial to reveal the dietary overlap between co-occurring fish species and to predict the impact of alien invaders on native species through interspecific competition, as well as to recommend such an approach in studies upon fish foraging strategies.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Wed, 6 Mar 2024 10:54:40 +0200
Wattles on the move https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/120486/ NeoBiota 92: 25-28

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.92.120486

Authors: Colin E. Hughes

Abstract:

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Book Review Wed, 6 Mar 2024 10:54:02 +0200
Rapid risk assessment of plant pathogenic bacteria and protists likely to threaten agriculture, biodiversity and forestry in Zambia https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/113801/ NeoBiota 91: 145-178

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.91.113801

Authors: Joseph Mulema, Sydney Phiri, Nchimunya Bbebe, Rodwell Chandipo, Mutibo Chijikwa, Hildah Chimutingiza, Paul Kachapulula, Francisca Kankuma Mwanda, Mathews Matimelo, Emma Mazimba-Sikazwe, Sydney Mfune, Mtawa Mkulama, Miyanda Moonga, Wiza Mphande, Millens Mufwaya, Rabson Mulenga, Brenda Mweemba, Damien Ndalamei Mabote, Phillip Nkunika, Isaiah Nthenga, Mathias Tembo, Judith Chowa, Stacey Odunga, Selpha Opisa, Chapwa Kasoma, Lucinda Charles, Fernadis Makale, Ivan Rwomushana, Noah Anthony Phiri

Abstract: A prioritisation study was conducted to address the lack of adequate information about potential pests likely to be introduced in Zambia and become invasive. The study was conducted by subject matter experts from relevant institutions in and outside Zambia. Although this study focused on major pest categories, this paper only addresses bacteria and Protista. A list of 306 bacterial and 10 Protista species adjudged to affect plants was generated using CABI’s Horizon Scanning Tool. The 316 (total) pest species were refined to focus on pests that affect value chains important to Zambia’s economy. This resulted in a final list of 133 bacteria and eight Protista. Four additional bacteria species considered of phytosanitary interest were added and all 137 bacteria and eight Protista species were subjected to a rapid risk assessment using agreed guidelines. Vectors reported to transmit any of the pathogenic organisms were also subjected to a risk assessment. A proportion of 53% (n = 77 of 145) comprising 73 bacteria and four Protista species were reported as present in Africa. Of these, 42 (57%, n = 73) bacterial species and two (n=4) Protista species were reported in neighbouring countries. Considering a cut-off of 54, the highest scoring pests were 40 bacteria (highest score of 140) and three Protista (highest score of 125). Three actions were suggested for high-scoring pests, a detection surveillance, a pest-initiated pest risk analysis (PRA) or a detection surveillance followed by pest-initiated PRA. A “no action” was suggested where the risk was very low although, for some pathogenic organisms, a “no action” was followed by periodic monitoring. This information will contribute towards proactive prevention and management of biological invasions.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 29 Feb 2024 18:57:53 +0200
Can gardeners identify ‘future invaders’? https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/110560/ NeoBiota 91: 125-144

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.91.110560

Authors: Tomos Siôn Jones, Alastair Culham, Brian John Pickles, John David

Abstract: It is estimated that there are 30 million gardeners in Britain, who could play a crucial role in being the ‘first contact’ for reporting ornamental plants in gardens with invasive potential. Invasive species are one of the five drivers of the global nature crisis, many of which were originally introduced through ornamental horticulture. Ornamentals confined to gardens and those which have already naturalised, but are not yet shown to be invasive, represent a ‘pool’ of species with invasive potential – ‘future invaders’. An online survey asking gardeners to report ornamentals they had noticed invading or taking over their garden resulted in 251 different taxa being reported (including cultivars). The future invaders were prioritised with a simple yet structured scheme, looking at the domestic and global naturalised and invasive status of each taxon, including in the Global Register of Introduced and Invasive Species (GRIIS) and the Global Naturalized Alien Flora (GloNAF) databases. The structured scheme identified a shortlist of nine ornamentals of concern which should be prioritised for further analysis, such as a formal risk assessment. Identifying and preventing future invaders before they escape gardens is critical, to prevent future threats to nature. There is also a gap in the identification of potentially invasive ornamentals, which are not currently invasive, yet are beyond the scope of formal horizon scanning because they are naturalised. Here we explore whether surveying gardeners can be a suitable approach to prioritising future invaders while also being an opportunity to increase awareness of invasive species. This positive feedback loop between gardeners and invasion scientists could help reduce the risk of future invaders.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Tue, 27 Feb 2024 16:59:01 +0200
Effect of residence time on trait evolution in invasive plants: review and meta-analysis https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/109251/ NeoBiota 91: 99-124

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.91.109251

Authors: Michal Gruntman, Udi Segev

Abstract: The success of invasive species is often attributed to rapid post-introduction evolution, due to novel selection pressures at the introduced range. However, evolutionary shifts in invasion-promoting traits can also take place within the introduced range over time. Here, we first present a review of the proposed hypotheses regarding the selection pressures and trait divergence along gradients of invasion history and the studies that examined them. In addition, we present the results of a meta-analysis aimed to provide a more general overview of current knowledge on trait evolution with time since introduction. Invasion-promoting traits, including growth, competitive ability and dispersal ability, were proposed to decline in more established populations with a long invasion history due to the attenuation of selection pressures, such as enemy release or interspecific competition, while herbivore defence was suggested to increase. Our meta-analysis results reveal a general indication for the evolution of invasive plants with residence time for most of the studied traits. However, this divergence did not have a consistent direction in most traits, except for growth, which, in contrast with our prediction, increased with residence time. The lack of empirical support for the predicted change in most of the studied traits over time suggests trait evolution might be affected by other context-dependent factors such as climatic gradients along invasion routes. Similarly, the increased allocation to size in older and more established populations may be driven by increased conspecific competition pressure experienced in these populations. The general temporal effect found in our meta-analysis stresses the need to consider population age when comparing attributes of invasive plants between native and invasive ranges. Moreover, the increased size of invasive plants in older populations, suggests that the dominance of these plants might not attenuate with time since introduction, thus highlighting the need to further explore the long-term dynamics between invasive plants and their recipient native communities.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 22 Feb 2024 18:29:51 +0200
Outcomes of control and monitoring of a widespread riparian invader (Tamarix spp.): a comparison of synthesis approaches https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/111628/ NeoBiota 91: 67-98

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.91.111628

Authors: Alexander R. B. Goetz, Eduardo González-Sargas, Mayra C. Vidal, Patrick B. Shafroth, Annie L. Henry, Anna A. Sher

Abstract: Effective ecological restoration requires empirical assessment to determine outcomes of projects, but conclusions regarding the effects of restoration treatments on the whole ecosystem remain rare. Control of invasive shrubs and trees in the genus Tamarix and associated riparian restoration in the American Southwest has been of interest to scientists and resource managers for decades; dozens of studies have reported highly variable outcomes of Tamarix control efforts, as measured by a range of response variables, temporal and spatial scales and monitoring strategies. We conducted a literature search and review, meta-analysis and vote count (comparison of numerical outcomes lacking reported variances and/or sample sizes) on published papers that quantitatively measured a variety of responses to control of Tamarix. From 96 publications obtained through a global search on terms related to Tamarix control, we found 52 publications suitable for a meta-analysis (n = 777 comparisons) and 63 publications suitable for two vote counts (n = 1,460 comparisons total; 622 comparisons reported as statistically significant) of response to Tamarix control. We estimated responses to control by treatment type (e.g. cut-stump treatment, burning, biocontrol) and ecosystem component (e.g. vegetation, fauna, fluvial processes). Finally, we compared results of the various synthesis methods to determine whether the increasingly stringent requirements for inclusion led to biased outcomes. Vegetation metrics, especially measures of Tamarix response, were the most commonly assessed. Ecosystem components other than vegetation, such as fauna, soils and hydrogeomorphic dynamics, were under-represented. The meta-analysis showed significantly positive responses by vegetation overall to biocontrol, herbicide and cut-stump treatments. This was primarily due to reduction of Tamarix cover; impacts on replacement vegetation were highly variable. We found concordance amongst our varied synthesis approaches, indicating that increased granularity from stricter quantitative techniques does not come at the cost of a biased sample. Overall, our results indicate that common control methods are generally effective for reducing Tamarix, but the indirect effects on other aspects of the ecosystem are variable and remain understudied. Given that this is a relatively well-studied invasive plant species, our results also illustrate the limitations of not only individual studies, but also of reviews for measuring the impact of invasive species control. We call on researchers to investigate the less commonly studied responses to Tamarix control and riparian restoration including the effects on fauna, soil and hydrogeomorphic characteristics.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Review Article Wed, 21 Feb 2024 16:01:17 +0200
Substrate complexity reduces prey consumption in functional response experiments: Implications for extrapolating to the wild https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/111222/ NeoBiota 91: 49-66

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.91.111222

Authors: Elizabeth M. Oishi, Kiara R. Kattler, Hannah V. Watkins, Brett R. Howard, Isabelle M. Côté

Abstract: Understanding the density-dependent impacts of an invasive predator is integral for predicting potential consequences for prey populations. Functional response experiments are used to assess the rate of prey consumption and a predator’s ability to search for and consume prey at different resource densities. However, results can be highly context-dependent, limiting their extrapolation to natural ecosystems. Here, we examined how simulated habitat complexity, through the addition of substrate in which prey can escape predation, affects the functional response of invasive European green crabs (Carcinus maenas) foraging on two different bivalve species. Green crabs feeding on varnish clams (Nuttallia obscurata) shifted from a Type II hyperbolic functional response in the absence of substrate to density-independent consumption when prey could bury. Green crabs ate few Japanese littleneck clams (Venerupis philippinarum) under all densities, such that no functional response curve of any type could be produced and their total consumption was always density independent. However, the probability of at least one Japanese littleneck clam being consumed increased significantly with initial clam density and crab claw size across all treatments. At mean crab claw size and compared to trials without substrate, the proportion of varnish clams consumed were 4.2 times smaller when substrate was present, but substrate had a negligible effect (1.2 times) on Japanese littlenecks. The proportion of varnish clams consumed increased with crab claw size and were higher across both substrate conditions than the proportion of Japanese littlenecks consumed; however, the proportion of Japanese littleneck clams consumed increased faster with claw size than that of varnish clams. Our results suggest that including environmental features and variation in prey species can influence the density-dependent foraging described by functional response experiments. Incorporating replicable features of the natural environment into functional response experiments is imperative to make more accurate predictions about the impact of invasive predators on prey populations.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Mon, 19 Feb 2024 16:32:21 +0200
Clonal alien plants in the mountains spread upward more extensively and faster than non-clonal https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/115675/ NeoBiota 91: 29-48

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.91.115675

Authors: Miao-Miao Zheng, Petr Pyšek, Kun Guo, Hasigerili, Wen-Yong Guo

Abstract: Alien species are colonizing mountain ecosystems and increasing their elevation ranges in response to ongoing climate change and anthropogenic disturbances, posing increasing threats to native species. However, how quickly alien species spread upward and what drives their invasion remains insufficiently understood. Here, using 26,952 occurrence records of 58 alien plant species collected over two centuries in the Czech Republic, we explored the elevation range and invasion speed of each alien species and the underlying factors driving these variables. We collected species traits relevant for invasion (e.g., clonality, flowering time, life span, invasion status, height, mycorrhizal type, native range, naturalized range, monoploid genome size, and Ellenberg-type indicator values for light, temperature, and nitrogen), human-associated factors (e.g., introduction pathways and the sum of economic use types), and minimum residence time. We explored the relationships between these factors and species’ elevation range and invasion speed using phylogenetic regressions. Our results showed that 58 alien species have been expanding upward along mountain elevations in the Czech Republic over the past two centuries. A stronger effect of species’ traits than human-associated factors has been revealed, e.g., clonality was a key trait supporting the invasion of alien species into the mountains, while human-associated factors showed no effect. Our findings highlight that the characteristics associated with rapid reproduction and spread are crucial for alien species’ invasion into montane regions. Identifying key drivers of this process is important for predicting the spatiotemporal dynamics of alien species in high-altitude ecosystems and thus employing apposite measures to reduce the threat to native plant species.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 8 Feb 2024 18:03:46 +0200
Exotic pet owners’ preferences for different ectothermic taxa are based on species traits and purchase prices in the United States https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/109403/ NeoBiota 91: 1-27

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.91.109403

Authors: Elizabeth F. Pienaar, Diane J. E. Sturgeon

Abstract: The exotic pet trade has resulted in substantial invasion and disease risks, owing to the release of pets into new environments. Scientists have conjectured that pet owners acquire and release species with undesirable traits because they are imperfectly informed about the traits of these animals. However, few studies have used social science methods to elicit pet owners’ preferences for exotic pets. In 2019 we administered a best-worst choice survey to 1,055 exotic pet owners in the United States (who own pet reptiles, amphibians, fish, or invertebrates) to examine how human preferences and incomplete information may contribute to the risks of the exotic pet trade. Respondents preferred colorful and patterned species. On average, respondents preferred medium-sized amphibians and reptiles, small fish, and large invertebrates, although they demonstrated heterogeneity in preferences with respect to the adult size of pets. Respondents also preferred amphibians and reptiles with medium life expectancies and fish and invertebrates with long life expectancies, although they again demonstrated heterogeneity in preferences with respect to pets’ life span. Respondents preferred docile animals, and were more likely to purchase lower-cost pets. We found some evidence that respondents’ decision to purchase exotic pets depended on whether these animals were native, rare, had unusual morphological features, and breed easily. Respondents’ decision to purchase specific taxa as exotic pets also depended on their age, education, and housing. Most respondents stated that they searched for information on pets’ diet, behavior, adult size, life span, costs of care such as equipment or veterinary costs, and whether the animal was captive bred before purchasing these animals. Excepting pets’ diets, fewer than half of respondents had been offered information on pets’ traits by sellers. On average, respondents rated the information they had been offered as average. Respondents typically obtained additional information about pets from online searches. Our results suggest that certification systems that provide critical information on exotic pets’ behaviors, adult size, longevity, fecundity, and husbandry needs should be implemented to prevent pet owners acquiring animals that they may subsequently abandon.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Mon, 5 Feb 2024 10:51:27 +0200
Competitive interaction in headwaters: slow upstream migration leads to trophic competition between native and non-native amphipods https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/112383/ NeoBiota 90: 193-216

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.90.112383

Authors: Lars Pelikan, Eglė Šidagytė-Copilas, Andrius Garbaras, Jonas Jourdan, Denis Copilaș-Ciocianu

Abstract: The spread of non-native species is one of the outcomes of global change, threatening many native communities through predation and competition. Freshwater ecosystems are particularly affected by species turnover with non-native species. One species that has been established in Central Europe for many decades – or even a few centuries – is the amphipod crustacean Gammarus roeselii. Although G. roeselii is nowadays widespread in major river systems, there have been recent reports of its spread into smaller streams that are typically inhabited by the native species Gammarus fossarum. Due to their leaf shredding ability, G. fossarum takes up a key position in headwater streams. This raises the important question, to what extent G. roeselii can equivalently take over this function. To answer this question, we collected both species from nine different sites in a mid-mountain river system (Kinzig catchment, Hesse, Germany) and investigated their functional similarity using a combination of stable isotope analysis, gut content and functional morphology. The species hardly differed in morphological characteristics, only females showed differences in some traits. Gut content analysis indicated a broad dietary overlap, while stable isotopes showed a higher trophic position of G. roeselii. The observed functional overlap could intensify interspecific competition and allow the larger and more predaceous G. roeselii to replace G. fossarum in the future as a headwater keystone species. However, the differentiation in the stable isotopes also shows that co-existence can occur by occupying different trophic niches. Moreover, the wide range of inhabited sites and exploited resources demonstrate the omnivorous lifestyle of G. roeselii, which is likely to help the species succeed in rapidly changing environments.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 1 Feb 2024 16:11:08 +0200
Recent invasion of Ponto-Caspian amphipods in the Masurian Lakeland associated with human leisure activities https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/109221/ NeoBiota 90: 161-192

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.90.109221

Authors: Krzysztof Podwysocki, Andrea Desiderato, Tomasz Mamos, Tomasz Rewicz, Michał Grabowski, Alicja Konopacka, Karolina Bącela-Spychalska

Abstract: Non-indigenous species (NIS) contribute to the decrease of native species’ diversity on a local and global scale. One of Europe’s most significant donors of freshwater invasions is the Ponto-Caspian Region. Following the construction of artificial canals connecting isolated waterbodies and the resulting heavy boat traffic, the Ponto-Caspian Amphipoda started to spread in Europe. Four amphipod species: Dikerogammarus haemobaphes, Dikerogammarus villosus, Pontogammarus robustoides and Chaetogammarus ischnus have invaded the Masurian Lakeland (North-eastern Poland). Based on literature and our data, we studied their distribution in 22 lakes in the region during the years 2001–2016. We analysed their distribution against several water quality parameters and levels of anthropogenic pressure. Our results also present the first records of two new invaders, D. villosus and C. ischnus, in the studied area. We show that the relative abundance and frequency of these two species rapidly increase and, simultaneously, the populations of the earlier invaders, i.e. D. haemobaphes and P. robustoides, decrease. The native species – Gammarus lacustris – seems to be negatively affected by NIS richness, as well as by the proximity of towns. The spread of NIS in the lakes appears to be facilitated by boating and the lower complexity of the shoreline. Our study shows how anthropogenic pressure, especially tourism, can facilitate bioinvasion, jeopardising native biodiversity unless appropriate regulations are implemented.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Mon, 29 Jan 2024 18:17:54 +0200
Field studies of the ecological impacts of invasive plants in Europe https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/112368/ NeoBiota 90: 139-159

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.90.112368

Authors: Montserrat Vilà, Alejandro Trillo, Pilar Castro-Díez, Belinda Gallardo, Sven Bacher

Abstract: The impacts of invasive species can vary widely across invaded sites and depend on the ecological variable of study. In this paper, we describe the first harmonised database that compiles scientific evidence of the ecological impacts of invasive plant species at continental scale. We summarise results from 266 publications reporting 4259 field studies on 104 invasive species in 29 European countries. For each study, we recorded whether the effects were statistically significant and noted their direction (i.e. decrease or increase in the response variable when compared to uninvaded sites). We classified studies, based on the impacts on the levels of ecological organisation (species, communities and ecosystems), taxa and trophic level. More than half of the studies were conducted in temperate and boreal forests and woodlands and temperate grasslands. Notably, one third of the studies focused on just five invasive species. Most studies were on native species followed by studies on communities. Impacts on plants were more frequently studied than impacts on other taxa and trophic groups. Overall, 43% of the studies reported significant impacts, with more significant decreases (26%) than increases (17%) in the response variables. Significant impacts were more frequent on species and communities than on ecosystems; and on plants than on animals or microbes. This database is of interest for academic, management and policy-related purposes.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 25 Jan 2024 14:46:17 +0200
Distribution and genetic diversity of the invasive pest Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae) in Belgium https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/113421/ NeoBiota 90: 123-138

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.90.113421

Authors: Olivier Hendrik Berteloot, Alexandre Kuhn, Gertie Peusens, Tim Beliën, Louis Hautier, Thomas Van Leeuwen, Patrick De Clercq

Abstract: The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys, native to East Asia, is an invasive pest of economic importance. It has invaded North America and many European countries and is further expanding its range. In Belgium, it was first observed in 2011. Halyomorpha halys is known to cause severe damage in commercial fruit orchards and vegetable crops. A dramatic and unmitigated expansion of H. halys in its adventive range could lead to significant economic implications for agricultural production. In this study, occurrence data of H. halys since its first observation in Belgium was analysed together with molecular information to map the populations and evaluate the genetic diversity of this pest. The genetic diversity of H. halys in Belgium was compared to data from other invaded and native countries reported in previous studies to identify possible invasion routes. The analysis of 1176-bp of mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase I and II genes (COI and COII) led to the discovery of two novel COI-COII haplotype combinations currently unique to Belgium. The invasion of H. halys in Belgium is likely the result of multiple and ongoing introductions from its native region and from already invaded countries in Europe, particularly Italy. The expansion of the brown marmorated stink bug populations in Belgium is recent and ongoing. Presently, it appears to thrive best in northern Belgium.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 18 Jan 2024 16:49:32 +0200
Root hemiparasites suppress invasive alien clonal plants: evidence from a cultivation experiment https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/113069/ NeoBiota 90: 97-121

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.90.113069

Authors: Tamara Těšitelová, Kateřina Knotková, Adam Knotek, Hana Cempírková, Jakub Těšitel

Abstract: Alien invasive plants threaten biodiversity by rapid spread and competitive exclusion of native plant species. Especially, tall clonal invasives can rapidly attain strong dominance in vegetation. Root-hemiparasitic plants are known to suppress the growth of clonal plants by the uptake of resources from their below-ground organs and reduce their abundance. However, root-hemiparasites’ ability to interact with alien clonal plants has not yet been tested. We explored the interactions between native root-hemiparasitic species, Melampyrum arvense and Rhinanthus alectorolophus and invasive aliens, Solidago gigantea and Symphyotrichum lanceolatum. We investigated the haustorial connections and conducted a pot experiment. We used seeds from wild hemiparasite populations and those cultivated in monostands of the invasive plants to identify a possible selection of lineages with increased compatibility with these alien hosts. The hemiparasitic species significantly suppressed the growth of the invasive plants. Melampyrum inflicted the most substantial growth reduction on Solidago (78%), followed by Rhinanthus (49%). Both hemiparasitic species reduced Symphyotrichum biomass by one-third. Additionally, Melampyrum reduced the shoot density of both host species. We also observed some transgenerational effects possibly facilitating the growth of hemiparasites sourced from subpopulations experienced with the host. Native root hemiparasites can effectively decrease alien clonal plants’ biomass production and shoot density. The outcomes of these interactions are species-specific and may be associated with the level of clonal integration of the hosts. The putative selection of lineages with higher performance when attached to the invasive novel hosts may increase hemiparasites’ efficiency in future biocontrol applications.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Mon, 15 Jan 2024 10:32:53 +0200
Assessing the invasion potential of five common exotic vine species in temperate Australian rainforests https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/110659/ NeoBiota 90: 79-96

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.90.110659

Authors: Adam Bernich, Kris French, Michael Bedward

Abstract: To compare the capacity of native and exotic vine species established under a rainforest canopy, a comparison of growth rates and resource allocation was made amongst five exotic vine species that are serious and common invaders and two common native vine species under two light conditions reflective of edge and interior canopy conditions. All species experienced heavy reductions in growth parameters in the low-light treatment, but three exotic species showed stronger growth under the low light. All exotic species had higher plasticity in leaf morphology showing a significant increase in SLA under low light. Native vines may have a lower capacity to change leaf morphology in shade, as a result of local adaptation to edge habitats. Higher SLA under both low and high light conditions suggests that exotic vines species are able to exploit a range of forest conditions better than the native species. Three species, Anredera cordifolia, Araujia sericifera and Cardiospermum grandiflorum, appear particularly capable of invading rainforest interiors. Individuals produced few leaves, focusing resources on roots and stems suggesting a response to reach the canopy quickly. With their long-distance seed dispersal, plasticity in leaf SLA and high RGR, these species appear most likely to invade undisturbed rainforest.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Wed, 10 Jan 2024 14:28:12 +0200
Worldwide distribution and phylogeography of the agave weevil Scyphophorus acupunctatus (Coleoptera, Dryophthoridae): the rise of an overlooked invasion https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/101797/ NeoBiota 90: 53-78

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.90.101797

Authors: Andrea Viviano, Arturo Cocco, Paolo Colangelo, Giuseppe Marco Delitala, Roberto Antonio Pantaleoni, Laura Loru

Abstract: Global plant trade represents one of the main pathways of introduction for invertebrates, including insects, throughout the world. Non-native insects include some of the most important pests affecting cultivated and ornamental plants worldwide. Defining the origins and updating the distribution of non-native invasive species is pivotal to develop effective strategies to limit their spread. The agave weevil, Scyphophorus acupunctatus (Coleoptera, Dryophthoridae), is a curculionid beetle native to Central and North America, although it also occurs in Eurasia, Africa, Oceania and South America as a non-native species. Despite being widespread, the extent of occurrence and origins of European populations of the agave weevil have been overlooked. In the present study, the current and potential worldwide distribution of S. acupunctatus was assessed and an analysis of its genetic diversity in the native and non-native ranges was performed. By analysing occurrences from local phytosanitary bulletins and citizen-science platforms, the agave weevil was confirmed to be widely distributed and to occur on all continents, except Antarctica. Additionally, there is potential for expansion throughout the world, as estimated by species distribution models. Nucleotide and haplotype diversity of the COXI mitochondrial gene (about 650 bp) was lower in the non-native (n = 39 samples) than native populations (n = 26 samples). The majority of introduced individuals belonged to the same haplotype, suggesting that most introductions in Europe might have occurred from a small geographical area in Central America. Constant transboundary monitoring and national laws must be considered to reduce the spread of the agave weevil, given that a bridgehead effect may occur from non-native populations to new suitable areas.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Tue, 9 Jan 2024 14:23:14 +0200
Asymmetrical insect invasions between three world regions https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/110942/ NeoBiota 90: 35-51

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.90.110942

Authors: Rylee Isitt, Andrew M. Liebhold, Rebecca M. Turner, Andrea Battisti, Cleo Bertelsmeier, Rachael Blake, Eckehard G. Brockerhoff, Stephen B. Heard, Paal Krokene, Bjørn Økland, Helen F. Nahrung, Davide Rassati, Alain Roques, Takehiko Yamanaka, Deepa S. Pureswaran

Abstract: The geographical exchange of non-native species can be highly asymmetrical, with some world regions donating or receiving more species than others. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain such asymmetries, including differences in propagule pressure, source species (invader) pools, environmental features in recipient regions, or biological traits of invaders. We quantified spatiotemporal patterns in the exchange of non-native insects between Europe, North America, and Australasia, and then tested possible explanations for these patterns based on regional trade (import values) and model estimates of invader pool sizes. Europe was the dominant donor of non-native insect species between the three regions, with most of this asymmetry arising prior to 1950. This could not be explained by differences in import values (1827–2014), nor were there substantial differences in the sizes of modelled invader pools. Based on additional evidence from literature, we propose that patterns of historical plant introductions may explain these asymmetries, but this possibility requires further study.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Mon, 8 Jan 2024 14:09:58 +0200
Limitations of invasive snake control tools in the context of a new invasion on an island with abundant prey https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/103041/ NeoBiota 90: 1-33

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.90.103041

Authors: Shane R. Siers, Melia G. Nafus, Jeried E. Calaor, Rachel M. Volsteadt, Matthew S. Grassi, Megan Volsteadt, Aaron F. Collins, Patrick D. Barnhart, Logan T. Huse, Amy A. Yackel Adams, Diane L. Vice

Abstract: In October 2020, a new population of invasive brown treesnakes (Boiga irregularis) was discovered on the 33-ha Cocos Island, 2.5 km off the south coast of Guam. Cocos Island is a unique conservation resource, providing refuge for many lizards and birds, including endangered species, which were extirpated from mainland Guam by invasive predators including brown treesnakes. We sought to evaluate the usefulness of toxic baiting with acetaminophen-treated carrion baits and cage trapping, common tools for the control of brown treesnakes on mainland Guam, as potential eradication tools on Cocos Island. We evaluated multiple bait types and bait presentations: on the ground, suspended in the canopy emulating aerial bait applications and in four plastic-tube bait station configurations intended to exclude non-target species. We monitored all baits with time-lapse cameras. Despite improved exclusion of non-targets by bait station design, most baits were quickly removed by non-target species, particularly coconut crabs (Birgus latro) and Mariana monitors (Varanus tsukamotoi). Monitoring of 1,250 baits available for 2,427 bait nights resulted in no observations of brown treesnakes taking any bait. Subsequently, we tested two trap types commonly used on Guam and compared trapping success with live versus dead mouse lures. In 10,553 trap nights using live and dead mouse lures, we only captured one brown treesnake, in a trap with a live mouse lure. These baiting and trapping rates are so low as to be ineffectual for all practical purposes. Concurrent visual searching and hand capture of brown treesnakes during initial rapid response efforts demonstrates that these low baiting and trapping success rates are not a result of low snake density. We make a case for our assumption that the ineffectiveness of these tools on Cocos Island is due to the context of extremely high abundance of preferred live prey, primarily large geckos and birds. Our results have profound conservation ramifications, because any future island invasions by brown treesnakes are likely to occur within similarly prey-rich environments where these baiting and trapping methods might be similarly ineffective.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Fri, 5 Jan 2024 09:31:44 +0200
Biochar application can mitigate the negative impacts of drought in invaded experimental grasslands as shown by a functional traits approach https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/109244/ NeoBiota 89: 239-259

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.89.109244

Authors: Hamada E. Ali, Solveig Franziska Bucher, Markus Bernhardt-Römermann, Christine Römermann

Abstract: Climate, land-use, and invasive plants are among the important drivers of ecosystem functions through the changes in functional composition. In this study, we studied the effects of climate (drought), land-use (Biochar application), and the presence of invasive species on the productivity and performance of invaded experimental grasslands. We ran a greenhouse experiment under controlled conditions, in which we grew a combination of the three native species Silene gallica, Brassica nigra and Phalaris minor and the invasive species Avena fatua, being subjected to four different treatments: Biochar+drought, Biochar, drought, and control. We measured the productivity of native and invasive species as total biomass and root to shoot ratio (RSR) and the performance by measuring several plant functional traits (plant height, specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), leaf nitrogen content (Nmass), leaf carbon content (Cmass) and total chlorophyll (Chltotal) of all individuals occurring in each plot. The study showed that invasive species were more productive (higher total biomass and lower RSR) and performed better (taller plants, higher SLA, Nmass, Cmass and Chltotal and lower LDMC) than the native species under drought conditions as well as with Biochar application. Accordingly, in contrast to our expectations, the lower productivity and performance of native compared to invasive species under drought were not mitigated by Biochar application. These results provided a deeper understanding of the interplay between climate, land-use, and biological invasion, which is crucial for predicting the consequences of changes in functional composition on ecosystem functions and consequently restoration of grasslands.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Fri, 22 Dec 2023 20:16:26 +0200
Cortaderia selloana, an example of aggressive invaders that affect human health, yet to be included in binding international invasive catalogues https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/110500/ NeoBiota 89: 229-237

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.89.110500

Authors: Diego Liendo, Juan Antonio Campos, Alberto Gandarillas

Abstract: Invasive plant species can suppress local biodiversity, affect soil properties and modify the landscape. However, an additional concern of plant invasions that has been more disregarded is their impact on environmental human health. Here, we discuss the case of Cortaderia selloana (Schult. & Schult.f.) Asch. & Graebn, as an example of a worldwide invasive species with a strong environmental impact. We summarise the main facts regarding the C. selloana invasion, the recent clinical evidence of its impact on human health and the great potential expansion of the species in the context of climate change. C. selloana constitutes a clear example to boost demands from policy makers for urgent and efficient measures to control or eradicate invasive species, also in ruderal areas. This aggressive invader is still out of relevant binding international invasive species catalogues, including the European List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern (Union list), and is still subjected to extensive trading in some European countries. Therefore, including C. selloana in the Union list becomes mandatory to impose full restrictions on keeping, importing, selling, breeding and cultivating the species.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Discussion Paper Wed, 20 Dec 2023 17:47:30 +0200
Germany’s first Action plan on the pathways of invasive alien species to prevent their unintentional introduction and spread https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/106323/ NeoBiota 89: 209-227

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.89.106323

Authors: Katharina Mayer, Tina Heger, Ingolf Kühn, Stefan Nehring, Mirijam Gaertner

Abstract: The increase in global trade and traffic networks contributes to the introduction and spread of invasive alien species, posing a threat to biodiversity. EU Regulation 1143/2014 addresses the prevention and management of invasive alien species and requires an action plan on the priority pathways of unintentional introduction and spread of invasive alien species by each member state. To this end, the first German action plan was developed for the German government in cooperation with relevant Ministries and authorities, scientists, administrative experts, stakeholder working groups and political as well as public deliberation processes. As a result, 14 priority pathways of unintentional introduction, escape or release and spread were identified, resulting in 24 targeted measures. Nineteen sectors will be involved in the implementation of these measures. Here we describe the development process and outcome of Germany’s first action plan. By this, we aim making the process public and transparent, which can facilitate a revision of the action plan required at least every six years, and trigger broader European as well as national cooperation in the future.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Wed, 6 Dec 2023 14:51:36 +0200
Allelopathy and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi interactions shape plant invasion outcomes https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/110737/ NeoBiota 89: 187-207

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.89.110737

Authors: Xiao Guo, Xin-Yue Liu, Si-Yu Jiang, Shao-Xia Guo, Jing-Feng Wang, Yi Hu, Shi-Mei Li, Hai-Mei Li, Tong Wang, Ying-Kun Sun, Ming-Yan Li

Abstract: The novel weapon hypothesis suggests that allelopathy is an important mechanism for exotic plants to successfully invade native plant communities. Allelochemicals from exotic plants affect both native plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in soil. To explore these effects, we conducted pot experiments using a native plant community comprising of Chenopodium album L., Vitex negundo L., Rhus chinensis Mill., and Acer truncatum Bunge. We incorporated AMF strains (Funneliformis mosseae, Glomus versiforme, and Rhizophagus intraradices in a 1:1:1 volume ratio) into a soil mixture comprising equal volumes of autoclaved field soil and grass ash at five concentrations (0 g L–1, CK; 10 g L–1, LRE; 20 g L–1, NRE; 30 g L–1, MRE; and 40 g L–1, HRE) to investigate the allelopathy of Rhus typhina L. root and its interactions with AMF on the native plant community. Our results indicated that low concentrations of allelochemicals promoted the relative growth rate and leaf nitrogen content in the native plant community, which was attributed to the increased environmental stress that improved the degree of leaf photosynthetic capacity and organic synthesis rate in the native communities. Moreover, allelochemicals with toxicity decreased the colonization rates of AMF. Meanwhile, the presence of allelopathic effects induced a decrease in leaf nitrogen, and allelopathy altered the effects of AMF on the native community. Specifically, the high concentration of allelochemicals altered the positive effect of AMF on the total aboveground biomass of the native plant community to a negative effect, likely by decreasing colonization rates or affecting soil physicochemical properties and the composition of the mycorrhizal communities. Consequently, it is necessary to consider the effects of AMF when testing the roles of allelopathy or the novel weapons hypothesis in biological invasions. Graphical abstract

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 30 Nov 2023 18:40:04 +0200
The devil is in the details: exploring how functionally distinct round goby is among native fish in the Baltic Sea https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/110203/ NeoBiota 89: 161-186

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.89.110203

Authors: Antoni Vivó-Pons, Isa Wallin-Kihlberg, Jens Olsson, Peter Ljungberg, Jane Behrens, Martin Lindegren

Abstract: Understanding the characteristics and conditions that make non-indigenous species (NIS) successful at establishing in recipient communities is a key in determining their potential impacts on native species, as well as to improve management actions such as prevention of future invasions. The round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) is one of the most widespread non-indigenous fish species in the Northern Hemisphere, including the coastal zones of the Baltic Sea. The impacts of round goby in the Baltic Sea are pronounced and multifaceted, yet our knowledge regarding the underlying assembly processes determining its establishment is limited. To overcome this knowledge gap, we applied a trait-based approach to assess the degree of niche overlap and functional (trait) similarity between round goby and native fish species in coastal areas from the Baltic Sea, based on the functional distinctiveness metric. Our results show that round goby is generally quite similar (or not dissimilar) to the native fish of the regional species pool, at least in terms of its overall trait composition. Conversely, round goby demonstrates pronounced differences compared to the native community in its display of parental care and territorial behaviour. Such differences in individual traits could play an important role in round goby’s invasion success in the Baltic Sea, including its interactions with native species (e.g. competition). Our results and their potential implications may be highly relevant for conservation and management if integrated within existing risk assessment tools for biological invasions in order to prioritise and enhance the effectiveness of preventative actions towards the expansion of round goby.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Wed, 22 Nov 2023 09:04:14 +0200
Genetic and morphological insights into the Carpobrotus hybrid complex around the world https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/109164/ NeoBiota 89: 135-160

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.89.109164

Authors: Ana Novoa, Heidi Hirsch, María L. Castillo, Susan Canavan, Luís González, David M. Richardson, Petr Pyšek, Jonatan Rodríguez, Lurdes Borges Silva, Giuseppe Brundu, Carla M. D’Antonio, Jorge L. Gutiérrez, Megan Mathese, Sam Levin, Luís Silva, Johannes J. Le Roux

Abstract: The genus Carpobrotus N.E.Br. comprises between 12 and 25 species, most of which are native to South Africa. Some Carpobrotus species are considered among the most damaging invasive species in coastal dune systems worldwide. In their introduced areas, these species represent a serious threat to native species and significantly impact soil conditions and geochemical processes. Despite being well studied, the taxonomy of Carpobrotus remains problematic, as the genus comprises a complex of species that hybridize easily and are difficult to distinguish from each other. To explore the population genetic structure of invasive Carpobrotus species (i.e., C. acinaciformis and C. edulis) across a significant part of their native and non-native ranges, we sampled 40 populations across Argentina, Italy, New Zealand, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, and the USA. We developed taxon-specific microsatellite markers using a Next Generation Sequencing approach to analyze the population genetic structure and incidence of hybridization in native and non-native regions. We identified three genetically distinct clusters, which are present in both the native and non-native regions. Based on a set of selected morphological characteristics, we found no clear features to identify taxa morphologically. Our results suggest that the most probable sources of global introductions of Carpobrotus species are the Western Cape region of South Africa and the coastline of California. We suggest that management actions targeting Carpobrotus invasions globally should focus on preventing additional introductions from the east coast of South Africa, and on searching for prospective biocontrol agents in the Western Cape region of South Africa.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 16 Nov 2023 07:40:24 +0200
Tracing the origins and tracking the movements of invasive rubber vines (Cryptostegia spp., Apocynaceae) https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/109180/ NeoBiota 89: 95-133

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.89.109180

Authors: Marion K. Seier, Alessandro Rapini, Kate M. Pollard, Robert W. Barreto, Harry C. Evans

Abstract: Cryptostegia grandiflora and C. madagascariensis (Apocynaceae) are the only two species of this Madagascan plant genus. Both have been transported around the world as ornamentals due to their attractive flowers and based on a perceived potential as sources of rubber – hence, the common name rubber vine – because of their copious latex, which also contains toxic cardiac glycosides. As a result of their vigorous growth and ability to climb over and smother vegetation, both species have become invasive, posing an actual or potential threat to native ecosystems in many tropical and sub-tropical countries, as well as to human and animal health. Classical biological control (CBC), or the introduction of co-evolved natural enemies to control an invasive alien species in its exotic range, has successfully been used to tackle C. grandiflora in northern Queensland, Australia. This strategy is currently being evaluated for its suitability to manage C. madagascariensis in north-eastern Brazil using the same Madagascan rust fungus, Maravalia cryptostegiae, released as a CBC agent in Australia. For CBC to be successful, it is critical to understand the taxonomy of the invader as well as the origin(s) of its weedy biotype(s) in order to select the best-matched co-evolved natural enemies. Based on an exhaustive search in published and unpublished sources, we summarise the taxonomy and uses of these rubber vines, follow their historical movements and track their earliest records and current weed status in more than 80 countries and territories around the world.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Review Article Wed, 8 Nov 2023 16:48:27 +0200
Headwater refuges: Flow protects Austropotamobius crayfish from Faxonius limosus invasion https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/110085/ NeoBiota 89: 71-94

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.89.110085

Authors: Alina Satmari, Kristian Miok, Mihaela C. Ion, Claudia Zaharia, Anne Schrimpf, Lucian Pârvulescu

Abstract: This study explores the geospatial relationship between the invasive crayfish species Faxonius limosus and the native Austropotamobius bihariensis and A. torrentium crayfish populations in Eastern Europe, identifying the environmental factors which influence the invasion. We used species distribution modelling based on several climatic, geophysical and water quality variables and crayfish distributional data to predict sectors suitable for each species within the river network. Thus, we identified the sectors potentially connecting invasive and native population clusters and quantified the degree of proximity between competing species. These sectors were then extensively surveyed with trapping and hand searching, doubled by eDNA methods, in order to assess whether any crayfish or the crayfish plague pathogen Aphanomyces astaci are present. The predictive models exhibited excellent performance and successfully distinguished between the analysed crayfish species. The expansion of F. limosus in streams was found to be limited by flash-flood potential, resulting in a range that is constrained to lowland rivers. Field surveys found neither crayfish nor pathogen presence in the connective sectors. Another interesting finding derived from the screening efforts, which are among the most extensive carried out across native, apparently healthy crayfish populations, was the existence of a latent infection with an A. astaci strain identified as A-haplogroup. Our results provide realistic insights for the long-term conservation of native Austropotamobius species, which appear to be naturally protected from F. limosus expansion. Conservation efforts can thus focus on other relevant aspects, such as ark-sites establishment for preventing the spread of more dangerous invasive crayfish species and of virulent crayfish plague pathogen strains, even in locations without direct contact between crayfish hosts.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Wed, 8 Nov 2023 16:47:31 +0200
Clarification and guidance on the use of the Socio-Economic Impact Classification for Alien Taxa (SEICAT) framework https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/109911/ NeoBiota 89: 45-70

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.89.109911

Authors: Anna F. Probert, Giovanni Vimercati, Sabrina Kumschick, Lara Volery, Sven Bacher

Abstract: Understanding the ways in which alien taxa threaten human well-being, beyond purely monetary costs, can be difficult as impacts differ vastly across social, cultural, and economic contexts. Failure to capture impacts outside of monetary costs means that impacts are unfairly weighted towards those that can be easily monetised, which is unlikely to be a realistic measure of how alien species truly affect human well-being. To address this issue, the Socio-Economic Impact Classification for Alien Taxa (SEICAT) was developed with the intention to facilitate standardised classifications and comparisons of the impacts of alien taxa on human well-being and livelihood. The framework measures impacts by assessing to what extent alien taxa have altered human activities, so has application across a broad range of reported impacts associated with different constituents of human well-being. Although in their original paper, Bacher et al. (2018) provided an overview of the SEICAT framework, comprehensive guidelines that enable assessors to overcome potential ambiguities were, until now, unavailable. This may be preventing the broad application of the framework due to reduced usability. Here, we provide clarification and guidance for the application of SEICAT to facilitate standardised, consistent assessments. In particular, we address uncertainties stemming from unclear definitions of impacted communities and activities, as well as the spatial and temporal scales of relevance. We clarify these key issues and give explicit recommendations, whilst encouraging the collection of additional contextual information to be recorded for each assessed impact report, to generate more practical information for end-users of SEICAT data. Further, we recommend adopting an alternative terminology for the impact categories to reduce the potential misuse of the current descriptors. The intended outcome of this work is to aid the broad application of the SEICAT framework in a consistent and transparent manner.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Fri, 3 Nov 2023 18:04:24 +0200
A multi-taxa assessment of aquatic non-indigenous species introduced into Iberian freshwater and transitional waters https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/105994/ NeoBiota 89: 17-44

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.89.105994

Authors: Jose M. Zamora-Marín, Ana Ruiz-Navarro, Francisco J. Oficialdegui, Pedro M. Anastácio, Rafael Miranda, Pablo García-Murillo, Fernando Cobo, Filipe Ribeiro, Belinda Gallardo, Emili García-Berthou, Dani Boix, Leopoldo Medina, Felipe Morcillo, Javier Oscoz, Antonio Guillén, Antonio A. Herrero-Reyes, Francisca C. Aguiar, David Almeida, Andrés Arias, César Ayres, Filipe Banha, Sandra Barca, Idoia Biurrun, M. Pilar Cabezas, Sara Calero, Juan A. Campos, Laura Capdevila-Argüelles, César Capinha, André Carapeto, Frederic Casals, Paula Chainho, Santos Cirujano, Miguel Clavero, Jose A. Cuesta, Vicente Deltoro, João Encarnação, Carlos Fernández-Delgado, Javier Franco, Antonio J. García-Meseguer, Simone Guareschi, Adrián Guerrero-Gómez, Virgilio Hermoso, Celia López-Cañizares, Joaquín López-Soriano, Annie Machordom, Joana Martelo, Andrés Mellado-Díaz, Juan C. Moreno, Rosa Olivo del Amo, J. Carlos Otero, Anabel Perdices, Quim Pou-Rovira, Sergio Quiñonero-Salgado, Argantonio Rodríguez-Merino, Macarena Ros, Enrique Sánchez-Gullón, Marta I. Sánchez, David Sánchez-Fernández, Jorge R. Sánchez-González, Oscar Soriano, M. Alexandra Teodósio, Mar Torralva, Rufino Vieira-Lanero, Antonio Zamora-López, Francisco J. Oliva-Paterna

Abstract: Aquatic ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to the introduction of non-indigenous species (NIS), leading to multi-faceted ecological, economic and health impacts worldwide. The Iberian Peninsula comprises an exceptionally biodiverse Mediterranean region with a high number of threatened and endemic aquatic species, most of them strongly impacted by biological invasions. Following a structured approach that combines a systematic review of available information and expert opinion, we provide a comprehensive and updated multi-taxa inventory of aquatic NIS (fungi, macroalgae, vascular plants, invertebrates and vertebrates) in Iberian inland waters. Moreover, we assess overall patterns in the establishment status, introduction pathways, native range and temporal introduction trends of listed NIS. In addition, we discuss the legal coverage provided by both national (Spanish and Portuguese) and European NIS regulations. We inventoried 326 aquatic NIS in Iberian inland waters, including 215 established, 96 with uncertain establishment status and 15 cryptogenic taxa. Invertebrates (54.6%) and vertebrates (24.5%) were the groups with the highest number of NIS, with Arthropoda, Mollusca, and Chordata being the most represented phyla. Recorded NIS originated from diverse geographic regions, with North and South America being the most frequent. Vertebrates and vascular plants were mostly introduced through intentional pathways (i.e. release and escape), whereas invertebrates and macroalgae arrived mostly through unintentional ways (i.e. contaminant or stowaway). Most of the recorded NIS were introduced in Iberian inland waters over the second half of the 20th century, with a high number of NIS introductions being reported in the 2000s. While only 8% of the recorded NIS appear in the European Union list of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern, around 25% are listed in the Spanish and Portuguese NIS regulations. This study provides the most updated checklist of Iberian aquatic NIS, meeting the requirements set by the EU regulation and providing a baseline for the evaluation of its application. We point out the need for coordinated transnational strategies to properly tackle aquatic invasions across borders of the EU members.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Wed, 1 Nov 2023 16:37:53 +0200
Historical evidence for context-dependent assessment of Erigeron canadensis invasions in an 18th-century European landscape https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/111268/ NeoBiota 89: 1-15

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.89.111268

Authors: Ingo Kowarik

Abstract: Understanding the historical roots of invasion science provides insights into early perceptions of invasive species, allows us to trace the evolution of the discipline over time, and helps contextualize modern research. This paper analyzes work by Christian Ludwig Krause, published 250 years ago, on the invasion of an 18th-century European landscape by Erigeron [Conyza] canadensis (Canadian horseweed), one of the most common invasive species today and a widespread agricultural weed. Here an analysis is conducted of the ecological consequences and underlying mechanisms Krause described, how he evaluated E. canadensis invasions in different land-use systems and how his insights align with existing knowledge. Krause identified copious seed production and long-distance dispersal by wind as key mechanisms for the formation of dominant stands on degraded sandy soils. He recognized various ecosystem services associated with population establishment, such as erosion control, increased soil fertility, and the facilitation of other species. While Krause highlighted the benefits of E. canadensis invasions for the recovery of degraded grasslands and fields, he also acknowledged this introduced species as a troublesome weed in gardens. Thus, Krause’s work is not only an early report on the invasion of a cultural landscape subject to wind erosion but also an early example of a context-dependent invasion assessment, illustrating both positive and negative impacts of the same species in different environments. Krause’s perspective may encourage current assessments of E. canadensis not solely based on its presence or frequency, but on documented ecological and socioeconomic effects and their associated benefits or harms. As Krause impressively demonstrated 250 years ago, these effects can differ starkly in different environments, necessitating multiple responses to the same species.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Mon, 30 Oct 2023 13:35:59 +0200
Disruptions caused by invasive species and climate change on the functional diversity of a fish community https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/108283/ NeoBiota 88: 211-244

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.88.108283

Authors: Allan T. Souza, Ester Dias, Carlos Antunes, Martina Ilarri

Abstract: As the effects of climate change continue to intensify, non-native species are becoming more prevalent in estuarine ecosystems. This has implications for the taxonomic and functional diversity of fish communities. Historically, biodiversity has been a synonym of taxonomic diversity, however this approach often fails to provide accurate insights on ecosystem functioning and resilience. To better understand how climate change is impacting fishes and their traits’ composition, a long-term dataset from Minho Estuary (NW Iberian Peninsula) fish assemblage was analyzed. The results suggest that climate change and extreme weather events altered the prevailing trait modalities of fishes, which led to the overall decrease in functional diversity of the fish assemblage over the course of a decade. This decrease is associated to the loss of some trait modalities that are exclusively found in native species. On the other hand, the invasive species added novel traits associated with the conditions of high temperatures and low precipitation regime currently observed in the studied area. Our results highlight that the shift in the presence and dominance of some traits is directly influenced by climatic changes. Also, despite the addition of novel modalities by the invasive species, the fish assemblage is now less functional and taxonomically diverse than previously. Graphical abstract

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 26 Oct 2023 17:16:56 +0300
Mining biodiversity databases establishes a global baseline of cosmopolitan Insecta mOTUs: a case study on Platygastroidea (Hymenoptera) with consequences for biological control programs https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/106326/ NeoBiota 88: 169-210

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.88.106326

Authors: Matthew R. Moore, Elijah J. Talamas, Jonathan S. Bremer, Natalie McGathey, James C. Fulton, Zachary Lahey, Jessica Awad, Cheryl G. Roberts, Lynn A. Combee

Abstract: In the past decade, several species of platygastroid wasps were found to be adventive in North America and Europe while under evaluation in quarantine as biological control agents of invasive pests. The scope and relative risk of this phenomenon is not fully known, but it is clearly a trend with implications for classical biological control. As a means of assessing the issue and to provide a global baseline, we implemented a data-mining approach with DNA sequences in the Barcode of Life Database, yielding 201 platygastroid BINs with intercontinental and island distributions. At least fifty-five BINs displayed exact COI barcode matches across continents, with many more BINs scored as inconclusive due to sequence length variation. These intercontinental and island BINs include biocontrol agents known to be adventive, as well as many species identified only to genus with uncertain geographic origins. We provide 2,500 identifications for platygastroid BOLD BINs, 88% to genus, to encourage additional research on this distributional phenomenon. The intercontinental BOLD BINs were compared to literature records and GBIF occurrences of cosmopolitan species to identify gaps and discordance across data sources. Smaller COI barcode datasets from localities in Florida and Germany, including topotypical specimens, revealed more intercontinental matches. We analyzed COI sequences in BOLD for the entirety of Insecta and Araneae to assess this phenomenon more broadly and because these taxa contain many hosts for platygastroid wasps. This method revealed that the intercontinental distribution phenomenon is widespread with implications for assessing biological diversity, taxonomic methodology and regulatory frameworks.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 26 Oct 2023 17:15:06 +0300
Invasive alien plants in South Asia: Impacts and management https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/104118/ NeoBiota 88: 135-167

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.88.104118

Authors: Suneeta Bhatta, Bharat Babu Shrestha, Petr Pyšek

Abstract: South Asia is home to an immense diversity of flora and fauna, which makes it one of the global biodiversity hotspots. Plant invasions are one of several factors that threaten South-Asian biodiversity. This review lists problematic invasive plant species, analyses their negative impacts, and summarises management methods implemented in South Asia using data obtained from research articles and relevant databases (CABI, GISD, GloNAF). The data was used to evaluate the research trends over time, knowledge of the impacts of invasive plants, and management measures aimed at the invasive species. In total, 392 currently invasive vascular plant species were recorded in South Asia. Of these, 41 species are widely distributed in South Asia, occurring in at least three countries, and 20 species that are listed as invasive in South-Asian countries by the book Invasive Plant Species of the World are considered as the most problematic. For a subset of the most problematic species where such information is available, we present management measures that are in place in individual countries. The number of studies on invasive species in South Asia has been increasing, with more than half (53%) represented by local and regional inventories. Among the countries in South Asia, India has the highest number of invasive (145) and naturalized plant species (471). However, the percentage contribution of invasive and naturalized species to the native flora is the highest in the Maldives Islands. Studies on impacts are limited to those on native plants and agriculture; there is a lack of research on impacts on ecosystems and hydrology, as well as on economic costs and human health. Moreover, impacts have been quantified for very few species. Currently, the management of invasive plants is mostly done by physical or mechanical methods; research into opportunities for biological control is inadequate. Our review highlights the urgent need to quantify the impacts of all prevalent and problematic invasive species in South Asia as a crucial step in allocating resources for their management and addressing the knowledge gap in this region.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Review Article Mon, 23 Oct 2023 18:23:29 +0300
Defining the biosecurity risk posed by soil found on sea freight https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/98440/ NeoBiota 88: 103-133

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.88.98440

Authors: Mark R. McNeill, Craig B. Phillips, Nicola K. Richards, Lee T. Aalders, Chikako van Koten, Trevor K. James, Sandra D. Young, Nigel L. Bell, Aurelie Laugraud

Abstract: Soil associated with sea freight (shipping containers, flat racks and used machinery) arriving at New Zealand seaports was sampled for bacteria, fungi, nematodes, macro-invertebrates and plant seeds. Pseudomonads were selectively isolated, as several significant plant pathogens fall within this bacterial group. The mean and median sample weight collected from sea freight was found to be 417.3 and 152.7 g, respectively, with most recovered soil (73%) collected from the underside of shipping containers and flat rack containers. Likewise, for used machinery, most recovered soil (75%) was found under the machinery. Flat rack containers had significantly higher soil contamination compared to shipping containers and used machinery, but generally the counts and incidence of taxa were significantly lower compared to these other freight types. Viable bacteria, fungi, nematodes, seeds and arthropods were associated with the soil, with both counts g-1 and prevalence in samples varying with taxa, freight type, and location on the freight. Various regulated biosecurity organisms were recovered from the samples, including Aphelenchoides besseyi (rice white tip nematode), and seeds from genera such as Brachiaria, Cortaderia, Digitaria, Eragrostis and Sonchus. There were also live arthropod taxa that were not recorded as being present in New Zealand. No known plant pathogenic pseudomonads were identified through sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. Shipping containers were found to be an important introduction pathway for exotic species, and therefore require careful monitoring and management. Comparisons of the incidence and mean number of organisms associated with soil on sea freight compared to a previous study with soil on footwear, generally showed that incidence and counts of many taxa were lower on sea freight, indicating that biosecurity risk can vary with pathway. However, prioritising one soil pathway over another according to the risks they present, and differentially allocating resources is problematic because the relative risk is dynamic, dictated by factors such as new pests or diseases entering the respective pathways.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 19 Oct 2023 13:57:16 +0300
Changes in the functional and phylogenetic diversity of above- and below-ground plant communities invaded by two alien herbs https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/109185/ NeoBiota 88: 75-101

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.88.109185

Authors: Margherita Gioria, Angelino Carta, Vasiliki Balogianni, Dario Fornara, Petr Pyšek, Bruce A. Osborne

Abstract: Introduced plants can have long-lasting and irreversible effects on the communities and ecosystems they invade. A critical step towards understanding the legacy of plant introductions is the characterisation of changes in the invaded plant communities and how these changes are related to biogeochemical modifications. Here, we addressed this issue by comparing the impacts of two large invasive herbs, Gunnera tinctoria and Impatiens glandulifera, on the compositional, functional, and phylogenetic structure of the standing vegetation (above-ground communities) and the soil seed bank (below-ground communities). The introduction of both invasive species was associated with a significant decrease in above-ground species richness, with subsequent changes in the functional diversity and phylogenetic dispersion of the vegetation. Yet, these invaders differed in their long-term impacts and the reversibility of any modifications they caused. While G. tinctoria invasions resulted in phylogenetically clustered communities (both above- and below-ground) that were clearly distinct from uninvaded ones, seed bank communities invaded by I. glandulifera were indistinguishable from uninvaded ones, despite major compositional changes above-ground. Further, we found alterations in nutrient cycling associated with G. tinctoria invasions that could facilitate its local persistence and exacerbate any negative effects on native diversity. Our findings suggest a high susceptibility of pre-invasion above-ground communities to colonisation by distantly related herbs. However, the seed banks showed a degree of resilience against both invaders, with no major differences in species richness. Ultimately, differences in the impacts of these large invasive herbs suggest that dominance in the vegetation and a large stature are poor predictors of long-term plant community changes, including regeneration potential from seed, which are associated with plant introductions.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 19 Oct 2023 13:55:26 +0300
Running rampant: the alien ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of Cyprus https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/106750/ NeoBiota 88: 17-73

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.88.106750

Authors: Jakovos Demetriou, Christos Georgiadis, Angeliki F. Martinou, Helen E. Roy, James K. Wetterer, Lech Borowiec, Evan P. Economo, Kostas A. Triantis, Sebastian Salata

Abstract: Biological invasions are considered a major driver of biodiversity loss, particularly on islands. Invasive alien ants can often have severe consequences on native biodiversity. Here, we review published and new information on alien ant species found on the Mediterranean island of Cyprus, a biodiversity hotspot. Our checklist of alien ants of Cyprus includes a total of 17 species, of which nine are reported from Cyprus for the first time (*): Camponotus cf. vitiosus Smith, Cardiocondyla mauritanica Forel, 1890, Cardiocondyla obscurior Wheeler, W.M., 1929*, Hypoponera punctatissima (Roger, 1859)*, Monomorium bicolor Emery, 1877, Nylanderia jaegerskioeldi (Mayr, 1904), Paratrechina longicornis (Latreille, 1802), Pheidole fadli Sharaf, 2007*, Pheidole indica Mayr, 1879, Solenopsis sp. (thief ant)*, Tetramorium bicarinatum (Nylander, 1846)*, Tetramorium caldarium (Roger, 1857)*, Tetramorium immigrans Santschi, 1927*, Tetramorium lanuginosum Mayr, 1870*, Trichomyrmex destructor (Jerdon, 1851), Trichomyrmex mayri (Forel, 1902)*, and Wasmannia auropunctata (Roger, 1863). We did not include three previously reported alien species for which we could not find supporting specimens [Monomorium pharaonis (Linnaeus, 1758), Nylanderia vividula (Nylander, 1846), Solenopsis geminata (Fabricius, 1804)], one based on a previous misidentification [Cardiocondyla nuda (Mayr, 1866)], and two species now considered native to Cyprus [Hypoponera eduardi (Forel, 1894), Monomorium subopacum (F. Smith, 1858)]. Literature records, specimens from field surveys and museum collections, the geographic origin of species, occupied habitats in Cyprus, and notes on invasiveness (spread and impact) are presented for each species. An identification key to distinguish alien from native ant species in Cyprus is provided, including widespread alien ants not yet known from Cyprus in order to support early detection, monitoring, and management efforts.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Review Article Thu, 12 Oct 2023 16:18:48 +0300
Prioritisation of quarantine pest list for the Caribbean using a multi-criteria decision approach https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/102673/ NeoBiota 88: 1-16

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.88.102673

Authors: Duraisamy Saravanakumar, Ezra S. Bartholomew, Govind Seepersad, Janil Gore-Francis, Juliet Goldsmith, Naitram Ramnanan, Peta Gaye Chang, Puran Bridgemohan, Renita Sewsaran, Sardis Medrano-Cabral, St. Sanya Morrison

Abstract: Quarantine plant pests are socially, economically and environmentally important due to their impact on food security, human health, global trade and crop production costs. The increase in global trade and tourism, frequent occurrence of natural disasters and climate changes have exacerbated the rate of entry, establishment and spread of plant pests regionally and globally. It has, therefore, become exigent to develop a list of pests of quarantine importance at the regional and national levels to prioritise and allocate the limited available resources to manage the associated risks. In the present study, the Technical Committee on the Formulation and Prioritisation of a Regional Priority Pest List for the Caribbean, in collaboration with the National Plant Protection Organisation of the Caribbean countries and the United States Department of Agriculture - Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA-APHIS), developed and prioritised a quarantine pest list using a multi-criteria decision-making approach. The technical committee successfully evolved the process in 2014 and 2018 and developed a list of the top 10 pests of quarantine importance for the Caribbean Region, employing the Delphi Technique (DT) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) through the assignment of criteria that are relevant to the region. The Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata), frosty pod rot (Moniliophthora roreri) and the tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta), listed as top quarantine pest threats, were subsequently detected in the region. This exercise guided the authorities in advance to allocate resources and to develop response plans including capacity building for surveillance and detection of priority pests. This has demonstrated the significance and appropriateness of the multi-criteria decision approach to determine priority pest lists and prepare the region for development of better management practices.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Methods Thu, 12 Oct 2023 10:43:56 +0300
Predation risk by largemouth bass modulates feeding functional responses of native and non-native crayfish https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/108457/ NeoBiota 87: 191-212

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.87.108457

Authors: Larissa Faria, Jean R. S. Vitule, Julian D. Olden

Abstract: Context-dependency is prevalent in nature, challenging our understanding and prediction of the potential ecological impacts of non-native species (NNS). The presence of a top predator, for example, can modify the foraging behaviour of an intermediate consumer, by means of non-consumptive effects. This raises the question of whether the fear of predation might modulate consumption rates of NNS, thus shaping the magnitude of ecological impacts. Here, we quantified the functional feeding responses of three non-native crayfish species – red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii, rusty crayfish Faxonius rusticus and virile crayfish Faxonius virilis – compared to the native analogue signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus, considering the predation risk imposed by a top fish predator, the globally invasive largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides. We applied the comparative functional response (FR) approach using snails as prey and exposing crayfish to water containing predator and dietary chemical cues or not. All crayfish species presented a destabilising Type II FR, regardless of the presence of chemical cues. Predation risk resulted in significantly longer handling times or lower attack rates in non-native crayfish; however, no significant differences were observed in signal crayfish. We estimated per capita impacts for each species using the functional response ratio (FRR; attack rate divided by handling time). The FRR metric was lower for all crayfish species when exposed to predation risk. Rusty crayfish demonstrated the highest FRR in the absence of chemical cues, followed by signal crayfish, virile crayfish and red swamp crayfish. By contrast, the FRR of signal crayfish was nearly twice that of rusty crayfish and virile crayfish and ten times greater than red swamp crayfish when chemical cues were present. The latter result agrees with the well-recognised ecological impacts of signal crayfish throughout its globally-introduced range. This study demonstrates the importance of considering the non-consumptive effects of predators when quantifying the ecological impacts of intermediate non-native consumers on prey. The direction and magnitude of the modulating effects of predators have clear implications for our understanding of NNS impacts and the prioritisation of management actions.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Wed, 4 Oct 2023 18:51:56 +0300
Assessing the invasion risk of traded alien ferns using species distribution models https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/101104/ NeoBiota 87: 161-189

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.87.101104

Authors: Emily J. McCulloch-Jones, Tineke Kraaij, Neil Crouch, Katelyn T. Faulkner

Abstract: Risk analysis plays a crucial role in regulating and managing alien and invasive species but can be time-consuming and costly. Alternatively, combining invasion and impact history with species distribution models offers a cost-effective and time-efficient approach to assess invasion risk and identify species for which a comprehensive risk analysis should take precedence. We conducted such an assessment for six traded alien fern species, determining their invasion risk in countries where they are traded. Four of the species (Dicksonia antarctica, Dryopteris erythrosora, Lygodium japonicum, and Phlebodium aureum) showed limited global distributions, while Adiantum raddianum and Sphaeropteris cooperi had broader distributions. A. raddianum, however, was the only species found to pose a high invasion risk in two known trade countries – the USA and Australia – and requires a complete risk analysis to determine the appropriate regulatory responses. Dicksonia antarctica, Phlebodium aureum (for New Zealand), and Dryopteris erythrosora (for the USA) posed a medium risk of invasion due to the lack of evidence of impacts, and a complete risk analysis is thus deemed less crucial for these species in these countries. For other species, suitable environments were not predicted in the countries where they are traded, thus the risk of invasion is low, and a complete risk analysis is not required. For species in countries where suitable environments are predicted but no trade information or presence data are available, risk assessments are recommended to better determine the risk posed. Despite the relatively limited potential global distribution of the studied ferns relative to other major plant invaders (e.g., Pinus spp. and Acacia spp.), their history of invasion, documented impacts in pristine environments, and high propagule pressure from trade warrants concern, possibly necessitating legislative and regulatory measures in environmentally suitable regions.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Mon, 11 Sep 2023 16:49:27 +0300
Emerging tree diseases are accumulating rapidly in the native and non-native ranges of Holarctic trees https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/103525/ NeoBiota 87: 143-160

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.87.103525

Authors: Andrew V. Gougherty

Abstract: Emerging infectious diseases threaten natural and managed trees worldwide – causing reduced vigour, increased mortality and, occasionally, extirpation – yet we have little understanding of how emerging diseases have accumulated over time and how accumulation has varied by host species, host nativity and in different global regions. To address this challenge, I assembled over 900 new disease reports on 284 tree species in 88 countries and quantified how emerging infectious diseases have accumulated geographically and on different hosts. I show disease accumulation is increasing rapidly globally, with numerous recent years having nearly twice the number of new records as the twenty-year average and the number of new reports doubling every ~ 11 years. Of the tree genera assessed, Pinus had by far the most new diseases reported over the last several decades, likely reflecting both its large native range in the Northern Hemisphere and its wide use in forestry globally. Most hosts tend to accumulate more diseases in their native ranges than their non-native ranges, consistent with pathogen introductions causing most new diseases. Europe and Central Asia had the most accumulated emerging diseases, but accumulation is also increasing rapidly in East Asia. This work suggests that the impacts of emergent tree diseases are likely to continue to compound in the future and threaten native and planted forests worldwide.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Short Communication Mon, 4 Sep 2023 18:05:03 +0300
Testing a modified version of the EPPO decision-support scheme for release of classical biological control agents of plant pests using Ganaspis cf. brasiliensis and Cleruchoides noackae as case studies https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/103187/ NeoBiota 87: 121-141

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.87.103187

Authors: M. Lukas Seehausen, Manuela Branco, Catarina Afonso, Marc Kenis

Abstract: The 6/04 standard of the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organisation (EPPO) on the safe use of biological control is a decision-support scheme (DSS) for the import and release of biological control agents in Europe. It was recently developed by the Joint EPPO/International Organisation of Biological Control (IOBC) Panel on Biological Control Agents. The DSS can be used to assess the potential environmental impacts of biological control agents. It is valid for different types of biological control: classical and augmentative biological control of invertebrates, pathogens and weeds. However, the DSS is not yet widely implemented in Europe and, during preliminary trials, it was found that its broad range of usages could lead to some confusion or misunderstandings, as well as requiring unnecessary information in some cases. Thus, the scheme was modified to specifically assess classical biological control against plant pests, i.e. the introduction of exotic natural enemies of plant pests for establishment and long-term control. The new version of the scheme was then tested on two parasitoids that are presently being released in Europe, the figitid Ganaspis cf. brasiliensis against the spotted wing drosophila Drosophila suzukii and the mymarid Cleruchoides noackae against the Eucalyptus bronze bug Thaumastocoris peregrinus. Both parasitoids were successfully assessed with the new version of the DSS. No major issues were encountered during the assessments and most questions were answered with low levels of uncertainty. Both assessments concluded that the parasitoids were safe to release in the impact assessment areas, with positive impacts exceeding negative impacts. Suggestions for potential improvements are provided.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Mon, 21 Aug 2023 09:44:38 +0300
Capsaicin-treated bait is ineffective in deterring non-target mammals from trap disturbance during invasive lizard control https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/102969/ NeoBiota 87: 103-120

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.87.102969

Authors: Lance D. McBrayer, Daniel Haro, Michael Brennan, Bryan G. Falk, Amy A. Yackel Adams

Abstract: Excluding non-target species from invasive species control efforts can be challenging due to non-target attraction to trap structure, baits, and lures. Various methods have been used to deter non-target species from entering or disturbing traps including altered features (e.g., mesh size, trip mechanism, or entrances), staking traps, and chemical deterrents. Invasive populations of Argentine Black and White Tegu lizards (Salvator merianae) occur in several locations across Florida and Georgia, and there are ongoing trapping efforts to control them. At sites in Georgia, non-target mammals disturb most of the lizard traps (>80%), consume egg bait/lures, and thus reduce trap efficacy. In contrast, our Florida site has fewer problems with non-target mammals. Our goal was to quantify the efficacy of capsaicin-coated eggs, a known distasteful irritant to mammals, as a non-target bait deterrent in live traps set for tegus in both Georgia and Florida. We conducted feeding assays on three tegus and found that individuals readily consumed food coated in capsaicin. We then conducted a three-part, live trapping experiment to test 1) if trap disturbance by mammals habituated to eggs without capsaicin decreased when capsaicin-coated eggs were deployed in Georgia, 2) if mammals not habituated to eggs as bait (treated or untreated) disturbed live traps at the same rate as those habituated to eggs in Georgia, and 3) if tegu capture rates were different when capsaicin treated eggs were deployed in Florida. In Georgia, we found that trap disturbance by non-target mammals did not decrease when capsaicin was applied to eggs in an area previously habituated to trapping with this bait nor when applied in a novel area. In Florida, we found no significant difference in tegu captures using capsaicin-treated vs. untreated bait. Tegus were tolerant of capsaicin, but capsaicin treated eggs did not reduce non-target mammal disturbance to traps. Therefore, removal of invasive populations could be problematic if methods to reduce trap disturbance by non-targets are not identified and deployed.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 17 Aug 2023 11:01:05 +0300
Stable isotope values and trophic analysis of invasive three-spined stickleback in Upper Lake Constance points to significant piscivory https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/100355/ NeoBiota 87: 73-102

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.87.100355

Authors: Sarah Maria Gugele, Jan Baer, Christina Spießl, Elizabeth Yohannes, Steve Blumenshine, Barnaby J. Roberts, Mario R. Mota-Ferreira, Alexander Brinker

Abstract: The three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus was introduced into Lake Constance in the 1940s and occupied a limited range until late 2012. Since then the species has expanded from a solely littoral habitat in Upper Lake Constance, but now makes seasonal migrations into the pelagic zone. This behavioral change has been accompanied by a drastic increase in stickleback abundance. In order to integrate information about feeding of sticklebacks in Upper Lake Constance over two consecutive years, stomach content analysis was combined with seasonal stable isotope analysis on two types of tissue (muscle and liver). Isotope values were also obtained for zooplankton, whitefish larvae and eggs. We calculated the contribution of potential food sources for sticklebacks’ diet using a Bayesian mixing model (SIMMR). Furthermore, we determined stickleback trophic position, and δ15N and δ13C values were compared with those of other fish species of Lake Constance. The results of the Bayesian model as well as the stomach content analysis showed clear evidence of stickleback predation on fish eggs and larvae. Stickleback δ15N values were elevated during winter and comparable to those of piscivorous pike, while δ15N values of zooplankton were reduced, and those of whitefish larvae were similar to those of sticklebacks after accounting trophic fractionation of N isotopes. Trophic position calculations further identified sticklebacks as piscivorous, while the δ13C values of the liver and stomach content analysis suggests that a benthic-pelagic species pair may exist in Lake Constance. These findings support the hypotheses that sticklebacks in Lake Constance can display piscivorous feeding behaviour on sympatric fish species, most likely whitefish larvae and eggs.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Mon, 14 Aug 2023 17:57:12 +0300
Weed wide web: characterising illegal online trade of invasive plants in Australia https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/104472/ NeoBiota 87: 45-72

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.87.104472

Authors: Jacob Maher, Oliver C. Stringham, Stephanie Moncayo, Lisa Wood, Charlotte R. Lassaline, John Virtue, Phillip Cassey

Abstract: Invasive plants seriously impact our environmental, agricultural and forestry assets, and the ornamental plant trade is a major introduction pathway. The variety and extent of the ornamental plant trade is growing in reach and is increasingly facilitated by the internet (i.e., through e-commerce). A lack of surveillance and regulation of e-commerce has resulted in invasive species being widely traded on these platforms. Here, we investigated the extent of illegal trade in invasive plant species in Australia by collecting advertisements found on a popular public e-commerce website. Across a 12-month period we collected a total of 235,162 plant advertisements. From 10,000 of these advertisements (4.25% of total advertisements) we found 155 plant taxa advertised online that were prohibited to trade in at least one Australian State or Territory (12.5% of Australia’s total prohibited plant taxa). We detected 1,415 instances of invasive plants advertised, of which 411 breached local jurisdictional (i.e., State or Territory) laws. Opuntia cacti and invasive aquatic plants were traded in the greatest quantities. A variety of uses for plants prohibited to trade were reported by the sellers, with aquatic uses being the most popular (i.e., water filtering and habitat for aquatic animals). We used generalised linear mixed-effects models to test the effect of prohibiting the sale of invasive plants on the quantity and price of online advertisements. Despite Australia’s strict internal biosecurity regulations, we found that trade prohibitions had no influence on the quantity and price of trade in illegal invasive plants. Given this, and the extent of illegal invasive plants traded, we believe increased monitoring and regulation of online plant trade is warranted. We demonstrate that targeted searches using string matching is an effective tool for detecting e-commerce trade of invasive species. However, to obtain the most optimal outcomes, regulations should be coupled with increased cooperation from e-commerce platforms and public awareness campaigns. Future weed risk assessments should consider online trade as a key factor in the long-distance dispersal and propagule pressure of a plant. Jurisdictions would also benefit from greater alignment on plant trade prohibitions and revision of associated compliance policies.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Fri, 11 Aug 2023 14:28:00 +0300
Comparative mitogenomics of native European and alien Ponto-Caspian amphipods https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/105941/ NeoBiota 87: 27-44

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.87.105941

Authors: Jan-Niklas Macher, Eglė Šidagytė-Copilas, Denis Copilaș-Ciocianu

Abstract: European inland surface waters are home to a rich diversity of native amphipod crustaceans, many of which face threats from invasive Ponto-Caspian counterparts. In this study, we analyse mitochondrial genomes to deduce phylogenetic relationships and compare gene order and nucleotide composition between representative native European and invasive Ponto-Caspian taxa across five families, ten genera and 20 species (with 13 newly sequenced herein). We observe various gene rearrangement patterns in the phylogenetically diverse native species pool. Pallaseopsis quadrispinosa and Synurella ambulans exhibit notable deviations from the typical organisation, featuring extensive translocations of tRNAs and the nad1 gene, as well as a tRNA-F polarity switch in the latter. The monophyletic invasive Ponto-Caspian gammarids display a conserved gene order, primarily differing from native species by a tRNA-E and tRNA-R translocation, which reinforces previous findings. However, Chaetogammarus warpachowskyi shows extensive rearrangement with translocations of six tRNAs. The invasive corophiid, Chelicorophium curvispinum, maintains a highly conserved gene order despite its distant phylogenetic position. We also discover that native species have a significantly higher GC and lower AT content compared to invasive species. The mitogenomic differences observed between native and invasive amphipods warrant further investigation and could provide insights into the mechanisms underlying invasion success.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Wed, 9 Aug 2023 17:46:47 +0300
Flowers of Impatiens glandulifera as hubs for both pollinators and pathogens https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/102576/ NeoBiota 87: 1-26

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.87.102576

Authors: Kamil Najberek, Wojciech Solarz, Wojciech Wysoczański, Ewa Węgrzyn, Paweł Olejniczak

Abstract: Flower infestation by pathogens may influence pollination effectiveness. At the same time, by sharing infested flowers, pollinators increase transmission of pathogens. In the presented study we identified fungi that colonised flowers of the invasive alien Himalayan balsam Impatiens glandulifera, one of the most nectar rewarding plants in Europe, as well as its pollinators. We determined factors (e.g., plant size, length of flower lower sepal and the width of its entry, air temperature and sun illuminance) that affect pathogen species presence and pollinators numbers. The study was conducted in three regions in Poland differing in time from the I. glandulifera invasion onset. It allowed embedding our results in the context of the evolution of increased competitive ability (EICA) hypothesis. With reference to this hypothesis we tested whether I. glandulifera from the two younger populations are more frequently pollinated than individuals from the old one, which may be a result of the higher infection prevalence in the flowers of individuals from the latter population. Harmful primary pathogens of I. glandulifera (e.g., Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium graminearum) were identified from its flowers. Although the knowledge of the impact of the recorded pathogen species on the pollinators that transmit them is still limited, these pathogens are known to cause devastating diseases of native plant species and to incur significant economic losses in crops. Therefore, the facilitation of their transmission by I. glandulifera in the invaded communities may pose a serious threat both to native biodiversity and nearby crop production. We did not find support for the EICA hypothesis that flower release from pathogens may increase the pollinator’s activity. Bombus hortorum was the most frequent visitor in the youngest surveyed population, while B. pascuorum was most frequent in the two others. So far the dominance of B. hortorum as a pollinator of I. glandulifera has not been recorded. A possible explanation is that flowers in the youngest population, with significantly wider entries than in the two older ones, were more accessible for this large bumblebee. We suggest that the shifts in flower dimensions may result from the evolutionary processes and/or phenotypic plasticity; however, this suggestion needs to be confirmed in further studies. At the same time, it can be expected that exceptionally frequent visits of B. hortorum in flowers of I. glandulifera in the youngest population may contribute to increasing transmission rate of pathogen species to the new native host plants that are particularly associated with this pollinator.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Mon, 7 Aug 2023 17:48:10 +0300
High abundance but low diversity of floral visitors on invasive Heracleum mantegazzianum (Apiaceae) https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/100625/ NeoBiota 86: 193-207

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.86.100625

Authors: Petr Bogusch, Terezie Vojtová, Jiří Hadrava

Abstract: Currently, plant invasions affect native ecosystems across the Earth. Although much attention has already been paid to their effect on local communities, we still lack basic information on the associations between alien and local species. Here, we present the results of our survey of pollinators of the invasive plant Heracleum mantegazzianum (Apiaceae) in central Europe. At 20 sites within the westernmost part of the Czech Republic, which is strongly affected by the invasion of H. mantegazzianum, pollinators on the flowers of H. mantegazzianum were examined and compared to the species composition of pollinators on native vegetation in the surrounding area. While the flowers of H. mantegazzianum were frequently visited by high abundance of insects, the communities of H. mantegazzianum pollinators were relatively species poor, and the proportion of abundances of H. mantegazzianum pollinators was very uneven, with few species of generalist Diptera and the honey bee (Apis mellifera) dominating over all other flower visitors. Significantly larger species of the family Syrphidae visited flowers of giant hogweed than of other plants. Thus, giant hogweed is not a necessary part of flower communities for flower visiting insects, and it should be eradicated because of its negative effects on other plants, landscape and humans. Our results highlight the need for more detailed studies on direct interactions between alien plant species and native pollinator communities as well as indirect interactions between alien plants and native plants through competition for pollinators.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 3 Aug 2023 18:00:13 +0300
Assessing the risk of invasion by a vineyard moth pest guild https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/100579/ NeoBiota 86: 169-191

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.86.100579

Authors: Hector Zumbado-Ulate, Tyler E. Schartel, Gregory S. Simmons, Matthew P. Daugherty

Abstract: Biological invasions are most effectively managed when identified in their early stages, which often hinges on robust surveillance programs. The recent invasion of the European grapevine moth (Lobesia botrana) in California suggests that viticultural areas in the western United States may face severe economic consequences from this and other Tortricid and Pyralid moth species if they were to establish. To gain insights into the risk these grapevine pests pose, we used occurrence records for L. botrana and four other moths native to Europe or the eastern United States and selected environmental variables to predict the extent of climatically suitable areas and potential pest co-occurrence along the West Coast of the United States. A suite of models was generated using MaxEnt with species-specific tuning of model settings. Overall, the results confirmed high suitability for L. botrana to establish across much of the study region, driven largely by high monthly variability in precipitation and low elevation. Two species were predicted to have intermediate suitability to establish over the study region (i.e., grape tortrix moth, Argyrotaenia ljungiana; grape berry moth, Paralobesia viteana), while two others had low suitability (i.e., European grape berry moth, Eupoecilia ambiguella; Christmas berry webworm, Cryptoblabes gnidiella). The highest predicted potential for co-occurrence was between L. botrana and P. viteana, accounting for 19% of the total viticulture area, followed by L. botrana and A. ljungiana for 11% of the study area. These results may help with the optimization of surveillance efforts by indicating which species or areas should be prioritized for the deployment of invasive pest detection programs with pheromone traps. Indeed, given the apparent potential for co-occurrence of multiple moth pests in certain areas, our results may inform where single or multi-lure traps should be deployed as a more cost-efficient monitoring tool.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 20 Jul 2023 14:52:22 +0300
lydemapr: an R package to track the spread of the invasive spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula, White 1845) (Hemiptera, Fulgoridae) in the United States https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/101471/ NeoBiota 86: 151-168

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.86.101471

Authors: Sebastiano De Bona, Lawrence Barringer, Paul Kurtz, Jay Losiewicz, Gregory R. Parra, Matthew R. Helmus

Abstract: A crucial asset in the management of invasive species is the open-access sharing of data on the range of invaders and the progression of their spread. Such data should be current, comprehensive, consistent and standardised, to support reproducible and comparable forecasting efforts amongst multiple researchers and managers. Here, we present the lydemapr R package containing spatiotemporal data and mapping functions to visualise the current spread of the spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula, White 1841) in the Western Hemisphere. The spotted lanternfly is a forest and agricultural pest in the eastern Mid-Atlantic Region of the U.S., where it was first discovered in 2014. As of 2023, it has been found in 14 states according to State and Federal Departments of Agriculture. However, the lack of easily accessible, fine-scale data on its spread hampers research and management efforts. We obtained multiple memoranda-of-understanding from several agencies and citizen-science projects, gaining access to their internal data on spotted lanternfly point observations. We then cleaned, harmonised, anonymised and combined the individual data sources into a single comprehensive dataset. The resulting dataset contains spatial data gridded at the 1 km2 resolution, with yearly information on the presence/absence of spotted lanternflies, establishment status and population density across 658,390 observations. The lydemapr package will aid researchers, managers and the public in their understanding, modelling and managing of the spread of this invasive pest.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
R Package Thu, 20 Jul 2023 14:50:26 +0300
The use of species traits in invasive seaweed research: a systematic review https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/97392/ NeoBiota 86: 123-149

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.86.97392

Authors: Abigail L. Mabey, Marc Rius, Dan A. Smale, Jane A. Catford

Abstract: Species traits have been used extensively in invasion science, providing common metrics across taxa and ecosystems that enable comparisons based on the functional responses and effects of biota. However, most work on traits in invasion science has focused on terrestrial plants, despite the vulnerability of aquatic ecosystems to invasive species, such as invasive seaweeds. Research that focuses on individual species of invasive seaweeds has intensified in recent years, yet few studies have synthesised the information learned on species traits to identify commonalities or knowledge gaps in invasion science. Through a systematic review of 322 papers that investigate the traits of seaweed species from across the globe, here we ask – what are the trends and gaps in research that investigates traits of invasive seaweeds? To address this question, we aimed to: (1) identify publication rates and characteristics of the studies examining traits of invasive seaweeds; (2) clarify which and how many species have been investigated; and (3) assess which traits have been measured and how those traits have been used. Our review revealed that study regions for research on invasive seaweed traits were concentrated in Europe and North America. In addition, we found a total of 158 species that have been investigated, with a large proportion of studies (35%) focusing on just two species, Sargassum muticum and Undaria pinnatifida. Our study revealed that the most researched traits were morphological, which were used to address a wide range of research questions. Key research gaps included relatively few studies from Africa, Asia and South America, a lack of papers researching more than one species and a lack of measurements of biomechanical traits. Altogether, this review provides a thorough overview of research progress on species traits of invasive seaweeds and highlights the existing knowledge gaps that may lead to new ways in which the traits of invasive seaweeds can be used to answer important ecological questions.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Review Article Mon, 10 Jul 2023 10:57:26 +0300
Alien ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) on a quest to conquer Greece: a review including an updated species checklist and guidance for future research https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/98157/ NeoBiota 86: 81-122

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.86.98157

Authors: Jakovos Demetriou, Christos Georgiadis, Evangelos Koutsoukos, Lech Borowiec, Sebastian Salata

Abstract: Biological invasions represent one of the main drivers of biodiversity loss with adverse impacts on human societies, economies and public health. More than 500 ant species have been transported outside their native range with the help of humans, while the majority of them have managed to establish viable populations in the wild. Nevertheless, data from the Mediterranean region suggest that most alien ants occupy anthropogenic habitats with little spread in semi-natural and natural habitats. Research on biological invasions of ants in Greece had previously identified a total of 15 alien ant species. In this article, an extensive literature investigation and material examination provide a revised checklist of the alien myrmecofauna of Greece. Although the number of alien ant species remains the same, the checklist’s composition is largely altered to provide an up-to-date overview of the country’s alien myrmecofauna in order to enhance management decisions and future research. The presence and distribution of alien ants within Greek administrative divisions, NATURA 2000 sites and Corine Land Cover types are analysed and presented. In particular, the species richness of alien ants seems to be highest in the Aegean Archipelago (Crete and Southern Aegean Islands) probably due to uneven collecting efforts and increased climatic suitability. Alien ant species are mostly associated with anthropogenic habitats including urban and agricultural areas, although a significant percentage has managed to spread into forest and semi-natural areas, including protected NATURA 2000 sites. Future research directions enhancing the monitoring of alien ants and their impacts are indicated to safeguard native ant biodiversity and conservation efforts of rare and endemic taxa.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Review Article Mon, 10 Jul 2023 09:51:48 +0300
HELLAS-ALIENS. The invasive alien species of Greece: time trends, origin and pathways https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/101778/ NeoBiota 86: 45-79

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.86.101778

Authors: Margarita Arianoutsou, Chloe Adamopoulou, Pavlos Andriopoulos, Ioannis Bazos, Anastasia Christopoulou, Alexandros Galanidis, Eleni Kalogianni, Paraskevi K. Karachle, Yannis Kokkoris, Angeliki F. Martinou, Argyro Zenetos, Andreas Zikos

Abstract: The current paper presents the first effort to organize a comprehensive review of the Invasive Alien Species (IAS) of Greece. For this purpose, a database was developed with fields of information on the taxonomy, origin, ecology and pathways of introduction of terrestrial, freshwater and marine species. Our database includes a) taxa in the Union’s list that are present in Greece, b) taxa already present in Greece and considered to be invasive, and c) taxa highly likely to enter Greece in the next 10 years and become invasive. The Database served as the starting point for the compilation of the National List of Alien Invasive Species (HELLAS-ALIENS) in compliance with the EU Regulation 1143/2014. Overall, the HELLAS-ALIENS comprises 126 species, i.e. 32 terrestrial and freshwater plant species, 14 terrestrial invertebrates, 28 terrestrial vertebrates, 30 freshwater fishes and invertebrates and 22 marine species. Terrestrial invertebrates, birds and mammals are mainly of Asiatic origin. Most of the terrestrial plants have their native geographical distribution in the Americas (North and South). Most of the freshwater invertebrates and fishes are of North American origin, while the majority of the marine species are of Indo-Pacific origin. The first records of IAS concern terrestrial plant species, and date back to the 19th century, while those in freshwater and marine ecosystems seem to have been systematically recorded some decades later. Regarding the pathways of introduction, most of the taxa arrived in Greece or are expected to arrive through escape from confinement and unaided. The majority of the terrestrial, freshwater and marine species have been evaluated as of High-risk for the indigenous biodiversity and only 3% of the species listed have been evaluated of Low-risk. Our results provide an important baseline for management and action plans, as required by the priorities set by the European Union through the Biodiversity Strategy for 2030.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Fri, 7 Jul 2023 10:16:27 +0300
The relationship between naturalized alien and native plant species: insights from oceanic islands of the south-east Pacific over the last 200 years https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/102661/ NeoBiota 86: 21-43

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.86.102661

Authors: Luis Cáceres-Polgrossi, Maura Di Rico, Diego Parra, Hanno Seebens, Stephen D. Galvin, H. Juergen Boehmer

Abstract: Aim: The relationship between native and naturalized alien species has been widely studied, particularly across large geographic scales. However, our knowledge of the spatial and temporal variations of their relationships is still limited, particularly for remote oceanic islands such as those of the south-east Pacific and across islands and archipelagos. In this study, we aim to assess the relationships between native and naturalized alien species by analyzing their current patterns of species-area relationships at different spatial scales, in addition to temporal variations in species richness, over the last 200 years. Area: One island (Rapa Nui) and two archipelagos (Juan Fernandez and Desventuradas Islands) comprising a total of 11 oceanic islands of the south-east Pacific (OISEP). Methods: We assembled the most comprehensive dataset of the vascular flora of the OISEP from currently available island flora checklists and updated with recent publications. Each plant species was classified as being native or naturalized alien. We examined temporal changes by estimating species richness, naturalization rates and naturalized-to-native ratios over time based on the first collection year of each naturalized alien species. Then, we determined the best shape of naturalized alien species richness accumulation over time by contrasting the fit of lineal, exponential, sigmoidal and Weibull regressions. Finally, we analyzed the relationships between native and naturalized species firstly at the inter-archipelagic scale by fitting island species-area relationship models and secondly at the island scale by performing ranged major axis regression analysis on residual values. Results: The OISEP flora dataset contained 674 species of which 282 were native and 392 were naturalized alien. Native island species-area relationships were similar to those of the naturalized alien species. Naturalized alien species richness increased notably through time with two clear peaks in 1950 and 2000. A Weibull regression and an exponential shape over time were the most appropriate fits for naturalized alien species richness accumulations at the inter-archipelagic scale, which further emphasizes the notable increase in naturalized alien species richness experienced in the timeframe examined here. Main conclusions: The relationship between naturalized alien species richness and native species richness was found to be independent of the geographic scale. The number of naturalized alien species clearly exceeded the number of native species on most islands but also for the whole OISEP. The accumulation of newly detected naturalized alien species does not show any sign of saturation and it is likely that new species will arrive in the future. Increased efforts on monitoring, prevention and biosecurity are needed to halt biological invasions on these unique island ecosystems.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Fri, 7 Jul 2023 10:08:24 +0300
Which features at home make a plant prone to become invasive? https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/104039/ NeoBiota 86: 1-20

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.86.104039

Authors: Javier Galán Díaz, Enrique G. de la Riva, Irene Martín-Forés, Montserrat Vilà

Abstract: Determining the factors that pre-adapt plant species to successfully establish and spread outside of their native ranges constitutes a powerful approach with great potential for management. While this source-area approach accounts for the bias associated with species’ regions of origin, it has been only implemented in pools of species known to be established elsewhere. We argue that, in regions with well-known introduction histories, such as the Mediterranean Biome, the consideration of co-dominant non-introduced species as a control group allows a better understanding of the invasion process. For this purpose, we used occurrence data from GBIF and trait data from previous studies to find predictors of establishment and invasion. We compare the frequency, climatic niche and functional traits of 149 co-dominant plant species in their native region in southern Spain, considering whether they have colonised other Mediterranean-climate regions or not and their level of invasion. We found that large native ranges and diverse climatic niches were the best predictors of species establishment abroad. Moreover, coloniser species had longer bloom periods, higher growth rates and greater resource acquisition, whereas coloniser species becoming invasive had also greater reproductive height and nitrogen use efficiency. This framework has the potential to improve prediction models and management practices to prevent the harmful impacts from species in invaded communities.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Wed, 5 Jul 2023 10:48:54 +0300
Halyomorpha halys and its egg parasitoids Trissolcus japonicus and T. mitsukurii: the geographic dimension of the interaction https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/102501/ NeoBiota 85: 197-221

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.85.102501

Authors: Francesco Tortorici, Pierluigi Bombi, Laura Loru, Alberto Mele, Silvia Teresa Moraglio, Davide Scaccini, Alberto Pozzebon, Roberto Antonio Pantaleoni, Luciana Tavella

Abstract: Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae) was accidentally introduced to North America and Europe, becoming a key pest of many important crops. In its native range, it is attacked by egg parasitoids, including Trissolcus japonicus (Ashmead), considered to be the main species, and T. mitsukurii (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera, Scelionidae). Trissolcus japonicus was detected in North America in 2014 and Europe in 2017, while T. mitsukurii was detected in Australia in the early 20th century and in Europe in 2016. Both species now appear established in the new areas. The present study used the MaxEnt algorithm to clarify the geographic dimension of the potential interaction between H. halys and these two parasitoid species, and to indicate where the release of one or the other parasitoid species is more likely to be effective. We found that the suitability for the two parasitoids overlaps the H. halys native range completely. In invaded areas, T. japonicus showed higher potential habitat suitability at the global scale, compared to T. mitsukurii, and also higher potential suitability at lower latitudes at continental and national scales. These results can substantially improve the effectiveness of biological control against H. halys, by targeting the releases of parasitoids to the areas where each species is most likely to succeed.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Tue, 27 Jun 2023 15:27:28 +0300
A century of weed change in New Zealand’s forage seed multiplication industry https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/100825/ NeoBiota 85: 167-195

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.85.100825

Authors: Jesse M. Rubenstein, Philip E. Hulme, M. Philip Rolston, Alan V. Stewart, John G. Hampton

Abstract: International seed trading provides a significant introductory pathway for weed seeds, and many globally established weeds originated as contaminants in agricultural seed lots. Management of these trade systems helps minimize agricultural losses and is an important means of preventing future biological incursions. Forage crop seed lots could be considered higher risk than seed lots of arable and vegetable crops, as they have been found to have a higher percentage of contaminated seed lots. Two of the most commonly used temperate forage crops worldwide are perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and white clover (Trifolium repens). New Zealand is one of the top producers of these crop seeds globally, and both species are commonly used in New Zealand pastures. Using historical and current seed lot analytical purity test results, we examined the frequency, identity and temporal changes of weed seeds found within agricultural seed lots of perennial ryegrass and white clover grown in New Zealand from 1912 to 2019. Overall, the percentage of contaminated forage seed lots decreased between approximately three to sixfold over the study period, indicating that herbicide availability, seed certification and improved crop management have been effective for weed control. However, we identified a handful of annual weed species that could become more problematic in the future, either because they showed an increasing presence trend in seed lots or were identified as the most common contaminants. In 2019, Vulpia bromoides was the most common contaminant in perennial ryegrass seed lots, and Chenopodium album was the most common in white clover seed lots. Sherardia arvensis and Poa annua, both significant species with an increasing presence trend, had the largest increases in perennial ryegrass seed lots over the study period. Conversely, Rumex acetosella had the largest presence decline for both crop species. There was a significant difference between the percentage of contaminant species that were grass weeds between study crops, where perennial ryegrass seed lots had approximately four times more grass species than white clover. Considering New Zealand trades crop seed with approximately half of the world’s countries and contributes substantially to the global supply of forage seed, our study provides a unique insight into changes of the weed spectrum throughout the seed for sowing system over the last century.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Tue, 27 Jun 2023 09:51:19 +0300
Investigating beetle communities in and around entry points can improve surveillance at national and international scale https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/103904/ NeoBiota 85: 145-165

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.85.103904

Authors: Hugo Mas, Giacomo Santoiemma, José Luis Lencina, Diego Gallego, Eduardo Pérez-Laorga, Enrico Ruzzier, Davide Rassati

Abstract: Beetles are commonly moved among continents with international trade. Baited traps set up in and around entry points are commonly used to increase chances of early-detection of incoming species and complement visual inspections. A still underestimated benefit of this surveillance approach is the high number and diversity of collected bycatch species. In this study, we exploited a multiyear surveillance program carried out with baited traps at five Spanish ports and their surrounding natural areas to investigate i) the importance of identifying bycatch to more promptly detect nonnative species belonging to non-target groups; ii) patterns of native and nonnative species richness and abundance inside the port areas vs. surrounding natural areas; iii) the occurrence of spillover events between natural areas surrounding ports and the port areas, and iv) whether the native species most commonly introduced into other countries are more abundant in port areas than in surrounding natural areas. A total of 23,538 individuals from 206 species representing 33 families were collected. The number and taxonomic diversity of the 26 bycatch nonnative beetle species testified that the identification of these unintentionally trapped species can provide additional information on ongoing invasions. Patterns of spillover and native species richness and abundance in port areas vs. surrounding natural areas highlighted a differential ability of different beetle families to colonize port areas. Finally, native species most commonly introduced into other countries were more abundant in port areas than in their surroundings, while the opposite trend occurred for native species that have not been introduced elsewhere. Our study highlighted that the use of traps baited with generic attractants can aid in early-detection of nonnative beetle species, and that the identification of native species can provide useful information on the risk of introduction in other countries.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 22 Jun 2023 14:56:39 +0300
The effect of site conditions and type of ramet clusters on sexual and asexual ramets of Solidago × niederederi (Asteraceae) https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/98796/ NeoBiota 85: 125-143

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.85.98796

Authors: Artur Pliszko, Kinga Kostrakiewicz-Gierałt, Iwona Makuch-Pietraś

Abstract: Spontaneous hybrids between alien and native plant species are alien taxa and they threaten native biodiversity due to their high competitive ability or introgression. Thus, we tested the effect of soil conditions, elevation and type of ramet clusters (clonal clumps of shoots) on sexual and asexual ramets of Solidago × niederederi, a hybrid between the invasive alien S. canadensis and the native S. virgaurea. We also tested the relationships between the size of sexual ramets and habitat conditions in the hybrid and its parental species, based on ten sites in NE and S Poland, respectively. The hybrid and its parental species occurred on mineral soils with a wide range of textures (sand, loamy sand, sandy loam, silty loam and loam) and pH (from strongly acidic to slightly alkaline). Sexual ramet clusters dominated in S. × niederederi populations, while the total number of ramets was highest in mixed ramet clusters. The cluster × site interaction had a significant effect on the length and biomass of sexual ramets in hybrid populations. Moreover, we found a significant effect of the taxon × site interaction in the case of biomass of sexual ramets and synflorescences (capitula arranged in panicles). Based on the biomass of sexual shoots and synflorescences, the competitive abilities of the hybrid may be more or less similar to S. canadensis or S. virgaurea albeit depending on site conditions.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 15 Jun 2023 16:03:02 +0300
Non-native fish species expand tacitly but rapidly toward upstream oxbow lakes along the longitudinal gradient https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/99296/ NeoBiota 85: 101-123

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.85.99296

Authors: Bingguo Dai, Junjiro N. Negishi, Kazuya Fujii, Md. Khorshed Alam, Zhongguan Jiang

Abstract: The introduction of non-native fish species poses a threat to native assemblages in floodplain systems. Establishing oxbow lake-based conservation areas has been proposed as a practical approach to mitigate this threat. Previous studies have extensively discussed the effects of lateral connectivity between oxbow lakes and main channels on fish communities but overlooked the spatial longitudinal gradients of oxbow lakes on a broader spatial scale. Over the course of about ten years, the temporal changes in fish community diversity were estimated in 28 oxbow lakes along the Ishikari River in Hokkaido, Japan. The associations between these temporal variations and the locations of the lakes were then explored along a longitudinal spatial gradient. The results showed that upstream oxbow lakes underwent mild alterations to their species composition and maintained a high level of native uniqueness. In contrast, downstream oxbow lakes experienced intense species turnover and increased non-native fish diversity. Additionally, the dominance of non-native fish in downstream areas rapidly expanded upstream to a location 110 km from the source of the Ishikari River over the decade. It is emphasized that the lakes in the upper reaches were the only remaining refuges for native fish and should be prioritized in conservation efforts. Our study proposes the application of location and species contributions to regional community heterogeneity as indicators for highlighting native fish conservation areas.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Tue, 13 Jun 2023 09:58:38 +0300
Where in Europe is Chrysomya albiceps? Modelling present and future potential distributions https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/96687/ NeoBiota 85: 81-99

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.85.96687

Authors: Sérgio José Menezes Rodrigues-Filho, Fabrício dos Santos Lobato, Carlos Henrique Medeiros de Abreu, Maria Teresa Rebelo

Abstract: Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann, 1819), a species of blowfly (Diptera, Calliphoridae), historically distributed throughout Southern Europe, has recently dispersed to cooler regions in Europe, which is an intriguing phenomenon. In this work, we used Maxent software to formulate climate suitability using a machine learning technique to investigate this fact. The bioclimatic variables that best explained the climate suitability were Annual Mean Temperature (67.7%) and Temperature Annual Range (21.4%). We found that C. albiceps is climatically suitable for several parts of Europe, except for high altitude areas like the Swiss Alps. In warmer countries such as Portugal, Spain and Italy, the entire coastal territory was the most suitable for the species. Future scenario models show that in these eastern countries and some northern areas, climate suitability has increased. This increase is reinforced when comparing the gains and losses in climate suitability between the present-day model and the future scenario models. These changes are most likely caused by changes in temperature, which is the main explanatory factor among the tested variables, for the climate suitability. As one of the most important species in forensic contexts and a potential myiasis agent, the expansion of C. albiceps to new locations cannot be neglected, and its expansion must be carefully monitored.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Mon, 12 Jun 2023 10:43:13 +0300
The rise of the Functional Response in invasion science: a systematic review https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/98902/ NeoBiota 85: 43-79

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.85.98902

Authors: Larissa Faria, Ross N. Cuthbert, James W. E. Dickey, Jonathan M. Jeschke, Anthony Ricciardi, Jaimie T. A. Dick, Jean R. S. Vitule

Abstract: Predicting which non-native species will negatively impact biodiversity is a longstanding research priority. The Functional Response (FR; resource use in relation to availability) is a classical ecological concept that has been increasingly applied to quantify, assess and compare ecological impacts of non-native species. Despite this recent growth, an overview of applications and knowledge gaps across relevant contexts is currently lacking. We conducted a systematic review using a combination of terms regarding FR and invasion science to synthesise scientific studies that apply the FR approach in the field and to suggest new areas where it could have valuable applications. Trends of publications using FR in invasion science and publications about FR in general were compared through the Activity Index. Data were extracted from papers to reveal temporal, bibliographic, and geographic trends, patterns in study attributes such as type of interaction and habitat investigated, taxonomic groups used, and context-dependencies assessed. In total, 120 papers were included in the review. We identified substantial unevenness in the reporting of FRs in invasion science, despite a rapidly growing number of studies. To date, research has been geographically skewed towards North America and Europe, as well as towards predator-prey interactions in freshwater habitats. Most studies have focused on a few species of invertebrates and fishes. Species origin, life stage, environmental temperature and habitat complexity were the most frequently considered context-dependencies. We conclude that while the FR approach has thus far been narrowly applied, it has broad potential application in invasion science and can be used to test major hypotheses in this research field.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Review Article Fri, 9 Jun 2023 16:50:53 +0300
Negative and positive impacts of alien macrofungi: a global scale database https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/101770/ NeoBiota 85: 23-42

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.85.101770

Authors: Miguel Monteiro, César Capinha, Maria Teresa Ferreira, Martin A. Nuñez, Luís Reino

Abstract: Advances in ecological research during the last decades have led to an improved understanding of the impacts of alien species. Despite that, the effects of alien macrofungi have often received little attention and are still poorly understood. With the aim of reducing this knowledge gap, we compiled a database of the recorded socio-economic and environmental impacts of alien macrofungi. This database was compiled from all relevant sources we could identify, through an exhaustive literature review, considering the identity of known alien taxa and explicit indications of impacts of any kind. In total, 1440 records of both negative and positive impacts were collected for 374 distinct species in different regions of all continents, except Antarctica. The most frequently recorded impacts are related to the mutualistic interactions that these fungi can form with their host plants. In total 47.8% of all records refer to the indirect negative effect of these interactions, by facilitating the colonization of invasive plants, while 38.5% refer to their positive contribution to the growth of forestry species. Less frequently recorded negative impacts included ectomycorrhizal interactions with native plants, plant pathogenicity and human poisoning after ingestion. Additional positive impacts include the use as a food source by native species and human populations and commercial exploitation. Alien macrofungi are an increasingly prevalent component of human-dominated ecosystems, having a diverse array of negative and positive impacts on native biota and human population. Our database provided a first step towards the quantification and mapping of these impacts.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Fri, 9 Jun 2023 16:48:32 +0300
Native plant community characteristics explain alien species success in post-industrial vegetation https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/97269/ NeoBiota 85: 1-22

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.85.97269

Authors: Quadri A. Anibaba, Marcin K. Dyderski, Gabriela Woźniak, Andrzej M. Jagodziński

Abstract: Biological invasions are one of the major challenges to the restoration of post-mining sites. Most post-mining sites are under technical reclamation with only a few left to spontaneous vegetation processes. Therefore, we know little about alien plant species on spontaneously-vegetated post-coal mine heaps and how native community characteristics predict their establishment. To fill the knowledge gap, we aimed to determine the drivers of alien species colonisation on post-coal mine heaps. Specifically, we asked: (i) Which alien species are the most successful on post-coal mine heaps and why? (ii) What are the drivers of alien species richness and cover, and how are they affected by the native community? (iii) What does it mean for predicting threats from alien species and management? We recorded vascular plant species and their abundance across 400 plots on post-coal mine heaps in Upper Silesia, Poland. We calculated plant community taxonomic and functional characteristics and, using mixed-effects models, we estimated predictors of alien species richness and cover. We found 65 alien species on post-coal mine heaps, comprising 20.4% of all recorded species, including 36 neophytes and 29 archaeophytes. Amongst them – Erigeron canadensis, Solidago gigantea, Solidago canadensis, Erigeron annuus and Impatiens parviflora – were the most frequent on the studied heaps. We showed that native functional richness significantly predicts alien species richness and cover. Similarly, native community-weighted mean (CWM) seed mass and plant height predict alien species cover. However, CWM of specific leaf area for native species marginally predicts alien species richness. We showed that alien species cover decreases with native species cover. Our findings revealed the ecological significance of niche-filling and the biotic acceptance hypotheses on post-coal mine heaps. We demonstrated how exploring native community characteristics can help in understanding the invasibility and management of post-industrial vegetation.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Fri, 19 May 2023 15:24:22 +0300
Tree diversity reduces co-infestation of Douglas fir by two exotic pests and pathogens https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/94109/ NeoBiota 84: 397-413

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.84.94109

Authors: Alex Stemmelen, Bastien Castagneyrol, Quentin Ponette, Simone Prospero, Gilles San Martin, Salome Schneider, Hervé Jactel

Abstract: The number of non-native invasive pests and pathogens has increased dramatically in recent years, with disastrous consequences for the health of forests worldwide. Multiple studies have shown that mixed forests may suffer less damage from insect pests than single species forest. This “associational resistance” can be notably explained by the fact that heterospecific neighbours make it more difficult for herbivores to locate and then exploit their host tree. However, the validity of these findings in the case of non-native, invasive pests and pathogens remains to be demonstrated. In this study, we monitored over two hundred Douglas firs in pure and mixed plots of a tree diversity experiment to assess the damage from the non-native gall midge Contarinia pseudotsugae and the non-native needle cast Nothophaeocryptopus gaeumannii. The probability of Swiss needle-cast infection was lower in Douglas fir trees surrounded by heterospecific neighbours. Gall midge damage was lower on Douglas firs surrounded by taller neighbours, consistent with the hypothesis of reduced host Apparency. Douglas fir trees that were more damaged by C. pseudotsugae were also more often infected by N. gaeumannii. Our study thus provides partial support of the associational resistance hypothesis of mixed forests against exotic pests and pathogens. Promoting forest species diversity at the stand level could, therefore, offer interesting prospects for reducing the impact of biological invasions, especially those involving both pests and pathogens.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 18 May 2023 18:00:17 +0300
Modelling the invasion dynamics of the African citrus psyllid: The role of human-mediated dispersal and urban and peri-urban citrus trees https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/91540/ NeoBiota 84: 369-396

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.84.91540

Authors: Pedro Nunes, Christelle Robinet, Manuela Branco, José Carlos Franco

Abstract: The African citrus psyllid, Trioza erytreae (Del Guercio) (Hemiptera, Triozidae), is native to tropical Africa and invasive species in North America and Europe. The main host plants are citrus, displaying a preference for lemon trees. This psyllid was recently detected in the northwest region of the Iberian Peninsula, both in Spain and Portugal. Here, we used a model combining a reaction-diffusion model to a stochastic long-distance dispersal model to simulate the invasion dynamics of T. erytreae in Portugal. The psyllid spread in Portugal was simulated between 2015 and 2021 for different combinations of model parameters: two fecundity levels; spread with and without stochastic long-distance dispersal; single or two introductions of T. erytreae; and considering or not the urban and peri-urban citrus trees, besides citrus orchards, estimated using Google Street view imagery. The incorporation of long-distance human mediated dispersal significantly improved the F1-score in the model validation using the official reports as the observed data. Concomitantly, the dispersal rate of T. erytreae in Portugal was on average about 66 km/year, whereas removing long-distance dispersal events, the observed mean was 7.8 ± 0.3 km/year. The dispersal was mainly towards the south along the coastline, where human population is concentrated. The inclusion of the estimated citrus trees outside orchards areas significantly increased the F1-score in the model validation, revealing the importance these isolated host plants hold as stepping stones for the species current invasion and possibly for other species alike.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 18 May 2023 18:00:16 +0300
Tree species preference and impact on native species community by the bark beetle Ips amitinus in a recently invaded region https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/86586/ NeoBiota 84: 349-367

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.84.86586

Authors: Dragos Cocos, Maartje J. Klapwijk, Martin Schroeder

Abstract: Non-native bark beetle species represent a major threat to forest ecosystems. The bark beetle Ips amitinus has recently expanded its range from Finland into northern Sweden. In the present study, we asked the following questions: (i) What is the distribution status in Sweden? (ii) Is there a difference in preference and reproductive success between Norway spruce and Scots pine? (iii) How common is the species after range expansion and does it influence the native community of bark- and wood-boring beetle species? We established the presence of I. amitinus and co-existence with the native community through checks of logging residues at 382 localities in northern Sweden. In addition, attack densities and reproductive success were compared between spruce and pine through investigating field material and by a no-choice rearing experiment. We found that I. amitinus is distributed over large parts of northern Sweden. Within its distribution area, it was found in 58% of all checked localities. It is one of the most common bark beetle species in logging residues and a higher proportion of Norway spruce objects compared to Scots pine were colonised. Attack density and reproductive success were higher in Norway spruce in field material and in the rearing experiment. There was no significant difference in the number of native bark- and wood-boring beetle taxa between localities where I. amitinus was present or absent.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 18 May 2023 18:00:15 +0300
Conditions of emergence of the Sooty Bark Disease and aerobiology of Cryptostroma corticale in Europe https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/90549/ NeoBiota 84: 319-347

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.84.90549

Authors: Elodie Muller, Miloň Dvořák, Benoit Marçais, Elsa Caeiro, Bernard Clot, Marie-Laure Desprez-Loustau, Björn Gedda, Karl Lundén, Duccio Migliorini, Gilles Oliver, Ana Paula Ramos, Daniel Rigling, Ondřej Rybníček, Alberto Santini, Salome Schneider, Jan Stenlid, Emma Tedeschini, Jaime Aguayo, Mireia Gomez-Gallego

Abstract: The sooty bark disease (SBD) is an emerging disease affecting sycamore maple trees (Acer pseudoplatanus) in Europe. Cryptostroma corticale, the causal agent, putatively native to eastern North America, can be also pathogenic for humans causing pneumonitis. It was first detected in 1945 in Europe, with markedly increasing reports since 2000. Pathogen development appears to be linked to heat waves and drought episodes. Here, we analyse the conditions of the SBD emergence in Europe based on a three-decadal time-series data set. We also assess the suitability of aerobiological samples using a species-specific quantitative PCR assay to inform the epidemiology of C. corticale, through a regional study in France comparing two-year aerobiological and epidemiological data, and a continental study including 12 air samplers from six countries (Czechia, France, Italy, Portugal, Sweden and Switzerland). We found that an accumulated water deficit in spring and summer lower than -132 mm correlates with SBD outbreaks. Our results suggest that C. corticale is an efficient airborne pathogen which can disperse its conidia as far as 310 km from the site of the closest disease outbreak. Aerobiology of C. corticale followed the SBD distribution in Europe. Pathogen detection was high in countries within the host native area and with longer disease presence, such as France, Switzerland and Czech Republic, and sporadic in Italy, where the pathogen was reported just once. The pathogen was absent in samples from Portugal and Sweden, where the disease has not been reported yet. We conclude that aerobiological surveillance can inform the spatial distribution of the SBD, and contribute to early detection in pathogen-free countries.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 18 May 2023 18:00:14 +0300
Eradication programs against non-native pests and pathogens of woody plants in Europe: which factors influence their success or failure? https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/95687/ NeoBiota 84: 281-317

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.84.95687

Authors: Sofia Branco, Jacob C. Douma, Eckehard G. Brockerhoff, Mireia Gomez-Gallego, Benoit Marcais, Simone Prospero, José Carlos Franco, Hervé Jactel, Manuela Branco

Abstract: When a non-native species succeeds in establishing in a new habitat, one of the possible responses is to attempt its eradication. In the present study, we analysed European eradication programmes against non-native pests and pathogens of woody plants (PPWP) from 1945 to date. Our main goal was to identify which factors affect the success of an eradication programme, reinforcing guidelines for future eradication of PPWP. Data on eradication campaigns were obtained from online databases, scientific and grey literature, and Plant Protection Organizations’ reports. Factors influencing eradication success for both arthropods and pathogens were analysed with LASSO regression and decision tree learning. A total of 848 cases officially declared as eradication attempts were documented in our database (8-fold higher than previous reports). Both the number of programmes and their rate of success increased sharply over the last two decades. Only less than 10% of the non-native organisms affecting woody plants were targeted for attempted eradication despite the high economic and ecological impacts caused by some species for which no efforts were undertaken. Almost one-third of the officially declared cases of eradication concerned organisms that were still restricted to the material with which they were introduced. For these cases the success rate was 100%. The success rate of established species was only 50% for arthropods and 61% for pathogens. The spatial extent of the outbreak was the factor that most affected the outcome of eradication campaigns. The eradication success decreased abruptly above 100 ha for arthropods and 10 ha for pathogens. Additionally, other variables were shown to influence the outcome of eradication programmes, in particular the type of environment, with the highest eradication success rate found in nurseries and glasshouses, with successful outcomes increasing if quarantine measures were applied and when monitoring included asymptomatic plants. Particular species traits may reduce eradication success: parthenogenetic arthropods, saprotrophic pathogens, wind dispersal, the possibility to remain asymptomatic indefinitely, and the existence of resting spores or stages. In conclusion, small affected areas, quick response, and efficient implementation of quarantine restrictions, together with particular species traits, may allow a high probability of eradication success. Preparedness at the country and European level would allow a larger number of target species to be included in future eradication programmes.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Review Article Thu, 18 May 2023 18:00:13 +0300
Testing early detection of pine processionary moth Thaumetopoea pityocampa nests using UAV-based methods https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/95692/ NeoBiota 84: 267-279

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.84.95692

Authors: André Garcia, Jean-Charles Samalens, Arnaud Grillet, Paula Soares, Manuela Branco, Inge van Halder, Hervé Jactel, Andrea Battisti

Abstract: Early detection of insect infestation is a key to the adoption of control measures appropriated to each local condition. The use of remote sensing was recommended for a quick scanning of large areas, although it does not work well with signals bearing low intensity or items that are difficult to detect. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV, or drone) may help in getting closer to individual trees and detect atypical signals of small dimensions. The larvae of the pine processionary moth (PPM, Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775, Lepidoptera, Notodontidae) build conspicuous silk nests on the external parts of the host plants at the beginning of the winter and their early detection may prompt managers to adopt management techniques. This work aims at testing two deep learning methods (Region-based Convolutional Neural Network - R-CNN and You Only Look Once - YOLO) to detect the nests under three different conditions of host plant species and forest stands in southern Europe. YOLO algorithm provided better results and it allowed us to achieve F1-scores as high as 0.826 and 0.696 for the detection of presence / absence and the individual nests, respectively. The detection of all the nests that can be present on a tree is not achievable with either UAV scanning or traditional ground observation, therefore the integration of the methods may allow the complete efficiency of the surveillance. The use of UAV combined with Artificial Intelligence (AI) image analysis is recommended for further use in forest and urban settings for the detection of the PPM nests. The recommended methods can be extended to other pest systems, especially when specific symptoms can be associated with an insect pest species.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 18 May 2023 18:00:12 +0300
Duplex real-time PCR assay for the simultaneous detection of Ophiostoma novo-ulmi and Geosmithia spp. in elm wood and insect vectors https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/90843/ NeoBiota 84: 247-266

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.84.90843

Authors: Alessia L. Pepori, Nicola Luchi, Francesco Pecori, Alberto Santini

Abstract: Dutch elm disease (DED) is a destructive tracheomycosis caused by Ophiostoma novo-ulmi, an ascomycete probably originating in East-Asia that is devastating natural elm populations throughout Europe, North America and Asia. The fungus is mainly spread by elm bark beetles that complete their life cycle between healthy and diseased elms. Recently, it has been highlighted that some fungi of the genus Geosmithia, which are similarly well associated with bark beetles, seem to also play a role in the DED pathosystem acting as mycoparasites of O. novo-ulmi. Although some relationship between the fungi is clear, the biological cycle of Geosmithia spp. within the DED cycle is still partly unclear, as is the role of Geosmithia spp. in association with the bark beetles. In this work, we tried to clarify these aspects by developing a qPCR duplex TaqMan assay to detect and quantify DNA of both fungi. The assay is extremely sensitive showing a limit of detection as low as 2 fg μl–1 for both fungi. We collected woody samples from healthy and infected elm trees throughout the beetle life cycle. All healthy elm samples were negative for both Geosmithia spp. and O. novo-ulmi DNA. Geosmithia spp. are never present in infected, but living trees, while they are present in frass of elm bark beetles (EBB – Scolytus spp.) and at each stage of the EBB life cycle in much higher quantities than O. novo-ulmi. This work provides a better understanding of the role and interactions occurring amongst the main players of the DED pathosystem.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 18 May 2023 18:00:11 +0300
Vertical spread of Hymenoscyphus fraxineus propagules https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/90981/ NeoBiota 84: 231-246

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.84.90981

Authors: Miloň Dvořák, Petr Štoidl, Michal Rost

Abstract: Currently, the ash dieback causal agent Hymenoscyphus fraxineus is an established invasive pathogen in most European countries. Its potential to spread quickly among invaded forests is based on its propagules: airborne inoculum composed mainly of ascospores originated in apothecia growing on leaf litter infected during the previous vegetation season. The spread of the inoculum by air masses to distant areas is probable and depends on the availability of the ascospores in higher levels of air. Our study aimed to detect the inoculum in an infected area at heights of more than 20 meters. Our study was conducted in a municipal locality (Boršov nad Vltavou) with tens of infected ash trees (Fraxinus excelsior) in South Bohemia (SW Czechia). The infected trees surround an agricultural silo where five rotating arm spore traps (rotorods) were mounted for ten consequent 48h samplings during the peak of the sporulating season (17th July to 6th August 2020). The spore traps were mounted 48, 37, 25, 14 and 0,3 meters above ground. Samples were quantified by qPCR. Results clearly proved the ability of the spores to reach a height of 48 meters. Furthermore, H. fraxineus DNA was detected from all five spore traps during all ten samplings. Mostly, the amount of detected spores showed a decreasing trend with height, and varied a lot. During some of the samplings, higher spore concetrations were achieved at the top than at the lower traps, which can be explained by horizontal air transfer of the inoculum from other infected areas. Based on GLM analyses, higher spore concentrations were achieved during days without rain, lower air temperatures, after cloudy, humid and rainy weather without strong winds. A combination of rotorod ROTTRAP 52 with qPCR quantification proved to be an efficient technology for a study focused on the vertical spread of H. fraxineus propagules.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 18 May 2023 18:00:10 +0300
Citizen science at school increases awareness of biological invasions and contributes to the detection of exotic ambrosia beetles https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/95177/ NeoBiota 84: 211-229

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.84.95177

Authors: Fernanda Colombari, Andrea Battisti

Abstract: The serious and growing threat posed by biological invasions to biodiversity and livelihoods means that public engagement in dealing with problems of invasive alien species is ever more urgent and necessary hence a citizen science experiment was carried out in north-eastern Italy. The study aimed i) to raise awareness of invasive alien species threatening trees and forests, and ii) to perform monitoring activities of a group of wood borers as an example, involving teachers and students (aged 11 to 18) of high schools. Students and teachers were given background knowledge and trained about the protocol for collecting data in schoolyards/grounds. Native (Anisandrus dispar (Fabricius, 1792), Xyleborinus saxesenii (Ratzeburg, 1837)) and exotic ambrosia beetles (Anisandrus maiche Kurentsov, Cnestus mutilatus (Blandford), Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky, 1866), Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford, 1894)) were used as the target species, as they could be easily detected through accessible and low-cost traps requiring limited effort. The traps were exposed for 24 hours weekly between March and June 2021. The experiment also aimed to strengthen public involvement, connecting environmental education and experiential outdoor learning. The mutual collaboration resulted in a wider knowledge of the potential impact of exotic species. It also led to new geographical citizen-science records of two alien ambrosia beetles considered to be quarantine pests by the European Union: C. mutilatus, new for the European part of the EPPO (European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization) region, and A. maiche, which was previously found only in Eastern European EPPO member countries.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 18 May 2023 18:00:09 +0300
Worldwide tests of generic attractants, a promising tool for early detection of non-native cerambycid species https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/91096/ NeoBiota 84: 169-209

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.84.91096

Authors: Alain Roques, Lili Ren, Davide Rassati, Juan Shi, Evgueni Akulov, Neil Audsley, Marie-Anne Auger-Rozenberg, Dimitrios Avtzis, Andrea Battisti, Richard Bellanger, Alexis Bernard, Iris Bernadinelli, Manuela Branco, Giacomo Cavaletto, Christian Cocquempot, Mario Contarini, Béatrice Courtial, Claudine Courtin, Olivier Denux, Miloň Dvořák, Jian-ting Fan, Nina Feddern, Joseph Francese, Emily K. L. Franzen, André Garcia, Georgi Georgiev, Margarita Georgieva, Federica Giarruzzo, Martin Gossner, Louis Gross, Daniele Guarneri, Gernot Hoch, Doris Hölling, Mats Jonsell, Natalia Kirichenko, Antoon Loomans, You-qing Luo, Deborah McCullough, Craig Maddox, Emmanuelle Magnoux, Matteo Marchioro, Petr Martinek, Hugo Mas, Bruno Mériguet, Yong-zhi Pan, Régis Phélut, Patrick Pineau, Ann M. Ray, Olivier Roques, Marie-Cécile Ruiz, Victor Sarto i Monteys, Stefano Speranza, Jiang-hua Sun, Jon D. Sweeney, Julien Touroult, Lionel Valladares, Loïs Veillat, Yuan Yuan, Myron P. Zalucki, Yunfan Zou, Alenka Žunič-Kosi, Lawrence M. Hanks, Jocelyn G. Millar

Abstract: A large proportion of the insects which have invaded new regions and countries are emerging species, being found for the first time outside their native range. Being able to detect such species upon arrival at ports of entry before they establish in non-native countries is an urgent challenge. The deployment of traps baited with broad-spectrum semiochemical lures at ports-of-entry and other high-risk sites could be one such early detection tool. Rapid progress in the identification of semiochemicals for cerambycid beetles during the last 15 years has revealed that aggregation-sex pheromones and sex pheromones are often conserved at global levels for genera, tribes or subfamilies of the Cerambycidae. This possibly allows the development of generic attractants which attract multiple species simultaneously, especially when such pheromones are combined into blends. Here, we present the results of a worldwide field trial programme conducted during 2018–2021, using traps baited with a standardised 8-pheromone blend, usually complemented with plant volatiles. A total of 1308 traps were deployed at 302 sites covering simultaneously or sequentially 13 European countries, 10 Chinese provinces and some regions of the USA, Canada, Australia, Russia (Siberia) and the Caribbean (Martinique). We intended to test the following hypotheses: 1) if a species is regularly trapped in significant numbers by the blend on a continent, it increases the probability that it can be detected when it arrives in other countries/continents and 2) if the blend exerts an effective, generic attraction to multiple species, it is likely that previously unknown and unexpected species can be captured due to the high degree of conservation of pheromone structures within related taxa. A total of 78,321 longhorned beetles were trapped, representing 376 species from eight subfamilies, with 84 species captured in numbers greater than 50 individuals. Captures comprised 60 tribes, with 10 tribes including more than nine species trapped on different continents. Some invasive species were captured in both the native and invaded continents. This demonstrates the potential of multipheromone lures as effective tools for the detection of ‘unexpected’ cerambycid invaders, accidentally translocated outside their native ranges. Adding new pheromones with analogous well-conserved motifs is discussed, as well as the limitations of using such blends, especially for some cerambycid taxa which may be more attracted by the trap colour or other characteristics rather than to the chemical blend.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 18 May 2023 18:00:08 +0300
Pining away and at home: global utilisation of Pinus radiata by native and non-native insects https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/95864/ NeoBiota 84: 137-167

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.84.95864

Authors: Eckehard G. Brockerhoff, Belinda A. Gresham, Nicolas Meurisse, Helen F. Nahrung, Anouchka Perret-Gentil, Andrew R. Pugh, Stephanie L. Sopow, Rebecca M. Turner

Abstract: Pinus radiata (radiata pine or Monterey pine) is threatened in its native range in California and, at the same time, one of the most widely-planted tree species worldwide, especially in the southern hemisphere. It is affected by a wide range of plant-feeding insects both in its native range and in regions where it is planted as an introduced tree. In addition, there are many invasive insects that have colonised P. radiata, in some cases causing major damage. Here, our objectives were to provide a complete and up-to-date overview of all insect species recorded from P. radiata worldwide, to summarise where these insects are native and which countries or regions they have invaded, to categorise them according to their impacts as damaging species or as vectors of plant pathogens, and to examine border interceptions to determine whether pathways exist that would allow these species to enter and potentially invade additional regions. Our compilation of insects feeding on P. radiata provides a list of 649 species (and an additional 11 species identified at the genus level only). Coleoptera is the most represented order in the list (299 species), followed by Lepidoptera (224 species) and Hemiptera (65 species). We classified 28 species as high-impact, including 12 true bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), eight Lepidoptera, five other Coleoptera, two Hymenoptera and one Hemiptera. These species can cause substantial direct damage or act as vectors of highly-damaging plant pathogens. Other species cause only occasional damage, rarely requiring management (classified as ‘low-medium impact’) or they are generally benign (‘negligible impact’). Hemiptera and Scolytinae have a high proportion of species established outside their native range. The Nearctic and Neotropic regions have been invaded by the most high-impact species, mainly by species native to Europe. Border interceptions of 185 species (29% of those on our list) were recorded during import inspections between 1995–2021, indicating considerable potential for further invasions. The findings of our study can be used to identify potential high-impact invaders and the pathways that may require more phytosanitary attention. Furthermore, our analyses provide useful insights into the insect-plant interactions resulting from the global distribution of a tree species and the native and non-native insects feeding on it.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 18 May 2023 18:00:07 +0300
Jewels on the go: exotic buprestids around the world (Coleoptera, Buprestidae) https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/90829/ NeoBiota 84: 107-135

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.84.90829

Authors: Enrico Ruzzier, Robert A. Haack, Gianfranco Curletti, Alain Roques, Mark G. Volkovitsh, Andrea Battisti

Abstract: Buprestidae (Coleoptera: Buprestoidea) is one of the three wood-borer beetle groups of major phytosanitary interest worldwide, together with Cerambycidae and Scolytinae (Curculionidae). As in other beetle families, some buprestid species have been unintentionally or intentionally introduced around the world, in some cases causing significant environmental and economic damage in the invaded territories. Despite the phytosanitary relevance of the Buprestidae, information regarding the identity of exotic buprestids, their biogeographic areas of origin, introduction pathways, and larval host plants, have remained scattered in the literature. Our objective was to summarize much of the existing knowledge on these topics in the present paper. Our analysis resulted in a list of 115 exotic buprestids worldwide, representing introductions both within and between biogeographic realms and corresponding to less than 1% of the known buprestid species worldwide. Invasiveness does not seem to be linked to their larval host plant preferences, as introduced species utilize 158 plant genera in 70 plant families and are equally represented in all feeding guilds (monophagous, oligophagous, and polyphagous). As trade of plants or plant parts can serve as a pathway for future introductions, the information reported in this review can help in pest risk assessment.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 18 May 2023 18:00:06 +0300
Cosmopolitan Scolytinae: strong common drivers, but too many singularities for accurate prediction https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/89826/ NeoBiota 84: 81-105

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.84.89826

Authors: Jean-Claude Grégoire, Hervé Jactel, Jiri Hulcr, Andrea Battisti, Daegan Inward, Françoise Petter, Fabienne Grousset

Abstract: Many scolytine beetle species have been expanding in new territories, travelling with wood and plants for planting, sometimes with a high impact on plant health. Here, we attempt to quantify the mobility of these species and to identify the biological drivers of mobility and impact. Mobility was estimated by counting the numbers of landmasses (contiguous pieces of land, surrounded by ocean or sea) colonised by each species. A series of potential drivers (taxonomic tribes; feeding regimes; polyphagy; reproductive strategy; host taxa; aggregation pheromones and long-range primary attractants), as well as impact on host health were recorded. A total of 163 species were identified, out of 5546 counted in the whole subfamily. The cosmopolitan taxa amongst the subfamily showed significant disharmony with regards to invasion frequency. Four tribes (Xyleborini; Ipini; Crypturgini; Hylastini) were significantly over-represented and two others (Corthylini; Hexacolini) were under-represented. Some 53% of the 163 species are inbreeding, a very significant excess as compared to the whole subfamily (29%). The inbreeders colonised more landmasses than the outbreeders. There is a significant relationship between the number of host families attacked by a species and the number of colonised landmasses. Most of the invasive species are recorded to respond to long-range host primary attractants, only one quarter respond to pheromones. All very mobile species respond to long-range primary attractants and none is known to respond to pheromones. Very mobile species are all associated with a substantial or moderate impact. The most mobile species belong to a limited number of subtribes. They are often inbreeding, polyphagous and respond to long-range primary attractants, but do not produce pheromones. However, there are many counter-examples. The outbreeding Scolytus multistriatus attacks only three host families, producing aggregation pheromones and has established in thirteen landmasses, with a high impact. Due to these many exceptions, species-based risk prediction relying on the few traits routinely analysed in literature suffers from important uncertainties.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 18 May 2023 18:00:05 +0300
Measuring the threat from a distance: insight into the complexity and perspectives for implementing sentinel plantation to test the host range of Xylella fastidiosa https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/90024/ NeoBiota 84: 47-80

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.84.90024

Authors: Noemi Casarin, Séverine Hasbroucq, Júlia López-Mercadal, Miguel Ángel Miranda, Claude Bragard, Jean-Claude Grégoire

Abstract: The sentinel plantation concept consists of assessing the impact of exotic factors, such as pests and pathogens, on plants of interest by planting them out of their native range. This tool is a way to enhance knowledge for pest risk analysis (PRA) by guiding decisions on how quarantine organisms should be regulated and where to focus prevention and surveillance efforts for an early detection. In this study, the sentinel method was used in the case of research on Xylella fastidiosa, a plant pathogenic bacterium that has recently been found established in southern Europe, but whose potential impact and possible host range are still poorly documented in northern areas where the bacterium is not known to occur. To improve knowledge on the susceptibility of potential hosts of X. fastidiosa in northern Europe, a sentinel plantation of Prunus domestica cv. Opal, Quercus petraea and Salix alba was established in the X. fastidiosa-infected area of Majorca. In order to assess the circulation of the bacterium in the sentinel plot and around it, surveys of the local flora and insect vectors were carried out, as well as the planting of a network of rosemary “spy plants”. Symptomatic monitoring and molecular analyses were performed on the sentinel plants for four years. During these years, X. fastidiosa was never detected in our sentinel plants most likely because of the low infectivity pressure recorded in the surroundings. This study underlines the complexity of conducting sentinel plantation assays combined with X. fastidiosa research, highlighting the need for long-term investigation and questioning the efficiency of the sentinel tool. However, this study is placed in perspective with other valuable sentinel plantations. It also highlights the complementarity of the tool and proposes elements to improve or re-orientate the implementation of future sentinel projects.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 18 May 2023 18:00:04 +0300
Myrtus communis in Europe threatened by the pandemic and South African strains of the myrtle rust pathogen Austropuccinia psidii (Sphaerophragmiaceae, Pucciniales) https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/95823/ NeoBiota 84: 41-46

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.84.95823

Authors: Trudy Paap, Alberto Santini, Carlos A. Rodas, Ginna M. Granados, Francesco Pecori, Michael J. Wingfield

Abstract: Austropuccinia psidii, the causal agent of myrtle rust, has emerged as a significant threat to Myrtaceae in planted and natural woody ecosystems. The first detection of A. puccinia in South Africa was from severely infected ornamental Myrtus communis. This raised concern that M. communis, the sole Myrtaceae species native to Europe and an important component of vegetation in Mediterranean regions, could be threatened by the rust. In light of the potential threat to this unique species, seed was collected from 12 Italian provenances of M. communis, including mainland and island (Sardinia and Sicily) populations. We assessed the susceptibility of these provenances to both the pandemic and South African strains of A. psidii. In Colombia, where the pandemic strain of A. psidii is native, seedlings rapidly became infected by natural inoculum. In South Africa, a preliminary screening of seedlings by artificial inoculation with a single-uredinium isolate produced high levels of disease. Finally, plants of each of the 12 provenances were planted and monitored in Florence, Italy. To date, these showed no signs of disease, but will continue to be monitored. This study highlights the significant threat that both the pandemic and South African strains of A. puccinia pose to M. communis in Europe.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Short Communication Thu, 18 May 2023 18:00:03 +0300
Awareness, detection and management of new and emerging tree pests and pathogens in Europe: stakeholders’ perspectives https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/95761/ NeoBiota 84: 9-40

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.84.95761

Authors: Samantha Green, Katharina Dehnen-Schmutz, Jassy Drakulic, René Eschen, Christophe Orazio, Jacob C. Douma, Karl Lundén, Fernanda Colombari, Hervé Jactel

Abstract: Emerging and invasive tree pests and pathogens in Europe are increasing in number and range, having impacts on biodiversity, forest services, ecosystems and human well-being. Stakeholders involved in tree and forest management contribute to the detection and management of new and emerging tree pests and pathogens (PnPs). We surveyed different groups of stakeholders in European countries. The stakeholders were mainly researchers, tree health surveyors and forest managers, as well as forest owners, nurseries, policy-makers, advisors, forestry authorities, NGOs and civil society. We investigated which tools they used to detect and manage PnPs, surveyed their current PnP awareness and knowledge and collated the new and emerging PnP species of concern to them. The 237 respondents were based in 15 European countries, with the majority from the United Kingdom, France and the Czech Republic. There was a strong participation of respondents with a work focus on research and surveying, whereas timber traders and plant importers were less represented. Respondents were surveyed on 18 new, emerging PnPs in Europe and listed an additional 37 pest species and 21 pathogen species as potential future threats. We found that species on EPPO’s list of ‘priority pests’ were better known than those not listed. Stakeholders working in urban environments were more aware of PnPs compared to those working in rural areas. Stakeholders’ awareness of PnPs was not related to the number of new, emerging PnP species present in a country. Stakeholders want access to more detection and management tools, including long-term citizen-science monitoring, maps showing spread and range of new PnPs, pest identification smartphone apps, hand-held detection devices, drone monitoring and eDNA metabarcoding. To help facilitate better forest health across Europe, they called for mixed forest development, reduced nursery stock movement, biosecurity and data sharing amongst organisations. These results indicate that stakeholder knowledge of a few key PnP may be good, but given that the large diversity of threats is so large and future risks unknown, we conclude that multiple and varied methods for generic detection, mitigation and management methods, many in development, are needed in the hands of stakeholders surveying and managing trees and woodlands in Europe.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 18 May 2023 18:00:02 +0300
Management options for non-native forest pests along their invasion pathways https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/104682/ NeoBiota 84: 1-7

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.84.104682

Authors: Hervé Jactel, Andrea Battisti, Manuela Branco, Jacob C. Douma, Marc Kenis, Christophe Orazio, Christelle Robinet, Alberto Santini, Anna Sapundzhieva, M. Lukas Seehausen, Pavel Stoev

Abstract:

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Editorial Thu, 18 May 2023 18:00:01 +0300
Temporal trends in the accumulation of alien vascular plant species through intentional and unintentional introductions in Japan https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/101416/ NeoBiota 83: 179-196

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.83.101416

Authors: Chika Egawa, Asuka Koyama

Abstract: Clarifying the temporal trends of alien plant accumulation is increasingly important for informing global and national management efforts to decelerate biological invasions, following the adoption of Target 6 of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. However, such trends have not yet been analysed in many countries including Japan, which has the highest number of naturalised alien plant species among islands. To clarify the past and recent trends in the accumulation of alien plant species in Japan, we compiled a dataset of the year of first record for 1,463 alien vascular plant species deliberately and accidentally introduced and analysed the changes in the annual number of first records over time for each overall, intentional and unintentional introductions. We found that, overall, the annual number of first records of alien plant species in Japan began to increase in the late 1800s, and the increase continued until the late 1950s, with an estimated maximum of 15.7 new species per year. The increase then halted by 1960 and began a slow decline; the estimated average records per year between 1991 and 2000 dropped to 13.3 species. Since 1900, the annual number of first records associated with intentional introductions has more than doubled the number linked to unintentional introductions. Additionally, the proportion of invasive species brought through intentional introductions was larger than that brought through unintentional introductions. We highlight that while Japan experienced a rapid accumulation of alien plant species, including invasive species, by the 1950s, the rate of accumulation showed signs of saturation by 1960 and has since been slowly declining. Further deceleration and prevention of the introduction of invasive alien species, as targeted in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, may be achieved through increased investment in pathway management, especially management of intentional pathways.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Fri, 12 May 2023 11:02:41 +0300
Searching for the competitive ability of the alien seagrass Halophila stipulacea with the autochthonous species Cymodocea nodosa https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/99508/ NeoBiota 83: 155-177

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.83.99508

Authors: Anna Maria Mannino, Paolo Balistreri, Francesco Paolo Mancuso, Fabio Bozzeda, Maurizio Pinna

Abstract: The tropical seagrass Halophila stipulacea (Forsskål) Ascherson, 1867 entered in the Mediterranean Sea through the Suez Canal more than 100 years ago. In coastal-marine ecosystems the spatial niche of H. stipulacea is often overlapped with that of native Mediterranean Sea seagrasses and therefore it might out-compete them. Aiming to better understand its invasiveness potential, we monitored a Southern Mediterranean shallow coastal-marine water habitat from August 2010 to August 2011, where H. stipulacea co-occurred with the native seagrass Cymodocea nodosa (Ucria) Ascherson, 1870. Besides, the year-round dynamics of H. stipulacea was also monitored in four periods. To test the hypothesis that the presence/absence of H. stipulacea may have an effect on C. nodosa density, we analyzed the shoot density of C. nodosa in 8 sites, 4 sites where H. stipulacea was present (impacted sites) and 4 where H. stipulacea was absent (control sites). The results showed significant differences in C. nodosa shoot density according to the presence/absence of H. stipulacea, with the lowest values observed in sites where it co-occurred with H. stipulacea. We hypothesize that the dense rhizome-sediment net created by H. stipulacea can interfere with C. nodosa density, pushing down its rhizomes in the anoxic layer. The leaf features of H. stipulacea were generally comparable to those of other Mediterranean populations. In January 2011 a significant decline of H. stipulacea was observed, maybe related to changes in the environmental conditions that have become unfavorable (e.g. hydrodynamics, turbidity) and, unexpectedly, the seagrass disappeared in April 2011. In January, we also observed the occurrence of the green alien alga Caulerpa cylindracea Sonder, 1945 which rapidly invaded the bare substrate left by H. stipulacea.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 11 May 2023 09:37:06 +0300
Potential impacts of invasive crayfish on native benthic fish: shelter use and agonistic behaviour https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/102975/ NeoBiota 83: 131-153

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.83.102975

Authors: Essmat Mohammed, Rahma Amen, Hoda M. Abdelwahab, Carola Winkelmann

Abstract: Spinycheek crayfish (Faxonius limosus) and signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) are successful North American invasive crayfish species distributed throughout Europe. Both species compete with native benthic fish for shelter. In a laboratory approach, we assessed competition for shelter and antagonistic interactions between these invasive crayfish species and the native benthic fish species, stone loach (Barbatula barbatula) and bullhead (Cottus gobio). This allows for studying the potential impacts of invasive crayfish on native benthic fish. Spinycheek crayfish and signal crayfish were able to gain control of the shelter and could successfully displace both benthic fish species. For stone loach, the presence of crayfish significantly decreased their shelter use and caused several behavioural changes such as reduced activity and increased hiding behaviour outside the shelter. Although the shelter use by bullheads was not reduced, they displayed similar behavioural changes, if less intense. Invasive crayfish species showed remarkable combative interactions against both species of benthic fishes, evidenced by the high number of aggressive interactions, especially concerning stone loach. Our results highlight the pronounced dominance of invasive crayfish over benthic fish in terms of shelter competition and aggressive interactions under laboratory conditions, which consequently might promote the latter’s exposure to predation.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Tue, 2 May 2023 09:33:41 +0300
Aerial culling invasive alien deer with shotguns improves efficiency and welfare outcomes https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/100993/ NeoBiota 83: 109-129

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.83.100993

Authors: Corey J. A. Bradshaw, Andrew Doube, Annette Scanlon, Brad Page, Myall Tarran, Kate Fielder, Lindell Andrews, Steve Bourne, Mike Stevens, Penny Schulz, Tom Kloeden, Seb Drewer, Rob Matthews, Chris Findlay, Warren White, Craig Leehane, Brett Conibear, James Doube, Ted Rowley

Abstract: Invasive alien deer (known in Australia as ‘feral deer’; hereafter, ‘alien deer’) are some of Australia’s worst emerging pest species. Recently, the Government of South Australia launched a four-year program to reduce the populations of alien fallow deer (Dama dama). The program will focus on coordinating landscape-scale aerial culls and seeks to deliver the most efficient and humane approach to aerial culling. We sourced data from a recent program trialling a new approach to aerial culling that incorporated advanced thermal technology and a second shooter with a shotgun to target fallow deer. We reviewed available video and audio records of 104 deer culled in the program to assess efficiency and welfare outcomes. We collected information on the number of shotgun and rifle rounds fired per animal, time between first shot with a shotgun and apparent death, and pursuit time. We completed field dissections of 20 individuals targeted in the program to assess the lethality of wounds inflicted with shotgun pellets. We also compared program costs and efficiency against published and unpublished data from ten other aerial-culling programs for alien deer in South Australia since 2009. A total of 383 shotgun rounds and 10 rifle rounds were used on 104 fallow deer in the focal program. We documented strong improvements to animal welfare for alien deer targeted with shotguns. The mean (± standard error) time between first shot and apparent death with a shotgun was 11.1 ± 0.7 seconds; mean pursuit time between detection and apparent death was 49.5 ± 3.4 seconds. Pursuit time increased with subsequent deer controlled within a group; the maximum pursuit time for any individual was 159.0 seconds. All autopsied animals had received lethal wounds from shotgun pellets, with 100% receiving lung-penetrating damage and 70% also receiving heart-penetrating damage. While a program that uses a shotgun and rifle combined with a second shooter and thermographer can cost more to mobilise, the outcomes measured in cost deer-1 made it the most cost-effective approach of any program we assessed. Control options that deliver improved animal welfare outcomes and increase efficiency are desirable for managing expanding populations of alien deer in South Australia and elsewhere.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Tue, 25 Apr 2023 22:05:33 +0300
Intraguild predation as a potential explanation for the population decline of the threatened native fish, the European mudminnow (Umbra krameri Walbaum, 1792) by the invasive Amur sleeper (Perccottus glenii Dybowski, 1877) https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/95680/ NeoBiota 83: 91-107

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.83.95680

Authors: Dóra Somogyi, Tibor Erős, Attila Mozsár, István Czeglédi, Júlia Szeles, Richárd Tóth, Nurfatin Zulkipli, László Antal, Krisztián Nyeste

Abstract: Biotic interactions exerted by invasive species have a strong effect on ecosystems. Intraguild predation may contribute to the decline in the distribution, abundance and population size of native species and may facilitate the spread of non-native taxa. In this study, we investigated the feeding ecology of the invasive fish Amur sleeper (Perccottus glenii Dybowski, 1877) in a lowland watercourse, where it co-exists with the threatened native fish European mudminnow (Umbra krameri Walbaum, 1792). We used two sampling protocols that differed in the frequency of sampling time (e.g. monthly samplings and samplings in 10-day intervals) to provide evidence of predation, an interaction that may lead to the decline of mudminnow populations with the spread of the Amur sleeper. Aquatic macroinvertebrates comprised a major part of the diet for both sampling intervals. However, finer temporal resolution revealed the importance of fish, especially mudminnow juveniles, as a periodically available food source in the Amur sleeper’s diet. A high degree of dietary overlap was found between the different size groups of the Amur sleeper, but larger specimens tended to feed on a relatively higher proportion of fish. Our results suggested that temporal resolution of stomach content analyses may largely determine inferences on the importance of predation on juvenile mudminnow. Overall, we found that intraguild predation could contribute to the decline of European mudminnow populations, which underscores the importance of effective control measures to prevent the further spread of the invasive Amur sleeper.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 6 Apr 2023 16:34:02 +0300
Invasive terrestrial invertebrate detection in water and soil using a targeted eDNA approach https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/98898/ NeoBiota 83: 71-89

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.83.98898

Authors: Cecilia Villacorta-Rath, Lori Lach, Natalia Andrade-Rodriguez, Damien Burrows, Dianne Gleeson, Alejandro Trujillo-González

Abstract: Terrestrial invasive invertebrates can rapidly colonise new areas, causing detrimental effects on biodiversity, economy and lifestyle. Targeted environmental DNA (eDNA) methods could constitute an early detection tool given their sensitivity to small numbers of individuals. We hypothesised that terrestrial runoff would transport eDNA from the land into adjacent waterbodies and used the invasive yellow crazy ant (Anoplolepis gracilipes) as a model species to test this hypothesis. We collected water samples from four waterbodies adjacent (< 10 m from the creek edge) to infestations following rainfall events for eDNA analysis. We also collected soil samples from areas of known infestations and tested five eDNA extraction methods to determine their efficiency to extract eDNA from soil. Water samples resulted in positive yellow crazy ant eDNA amplification (20–100% field replicates across all sites), even at one site located 300 m away from where ants had been detected visually. Soil samples resulted in a higher percentage of false negatives when sampled from ant transit areas than from nest entrances. Unpurified DNA extracts from soil also resulted in false negative detections and only after applying a purification step of DNA extracts, did we detect yellow crazy ant eDNA in 40–100% of field replicates across all methods and sites. This is the first study to empirically show that eDNA from a terrestrial invertebrate can be successfully isolated and amplified from adjacent or downstream waterbodies. Our results indicate that eDNA has the potential to be a useful method for detecting terrestrial invertebrates from soil and water.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Mon, 3 Apr 2023 16:09:06 +0300
Escape from the garden: spreading, effects and traits of a new risky invasive ornamental plant (Gaillardia aristata Pursh) https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/97325/ NeoBiota 83: 43-69

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.83.97325

Authors: Gabriella Süle, Zsombor Miholcsa, Csaba Molnár, Anikó Kovács-Hostyánszki, Annamária Fenesi, Norbert Bauer, Viktor Szigeti

Abstract: Ornamental plants constitute a major source of invasive species. Gaillardia aristata (great blanketflower) is planted worldwide and its escape has been reported in several European countries without ecological impact assessment on the invasive potential. As there is a markedly spreading population with invasive behaviour in Hungary, we aimed to reveal the distribution, impacts and traits of G. aristata. We gathered occurrence data outside the gardens in Hungary, based on literature, unpublished observations by experts and our own records. We investigated the impacts of an extended population, where the species invaded sandy old-fields within a 25 km2 area. Here, we compared the species richness, diversity, community composition and height of invaded and uninvaded vegetation. Furthermore, we evaluated the traits potentially associated with the invasiveness of G. aristata in comparison with other herbaceous invasive species in the region. We found that G. aristata occurred mostly by casual escapes, but naturalised and invasive populations were also detected in considerable numbers. G. aristata usually appeared close to gardens and ruderal habitats, but also in semi-natural and natural grasslands and tended to spread better in sandy soils. We found lower plant species richness and Shannon diversity in the invaded sites and the invasion of G. aristata significantly influenced the composition of the plant community. The trait analyses revealed that the invasive potential of G. aristata is backed by a wide germination niche breadth, extremely long flowering period, small shoot-root ratio (large absorption and gripping surface), large seeds (longer persistence) and dispersal by epizoochory of grazing livestock (mostly by sheep), probably helping the species’ survival and spreading in the disturbed, species-poor, sandy, open habitats. These functional traits, as well as the ornamental utilisation, may act together with the aridisation of the climate and the changing land-use practices (e.g. abandoned, disturbed sites) in the success of G. aristata. We raise awareness of the rapid transition of G. aristata from ornamental plant to casual alien and then to invasive species in certain environmental conditions (i.e. sandy soils, species-poor communities, human disturbances), although it seems to be not a strong ecosystem transformer so far. Nonetheless, banning it from seed mixtures, developing eradication strategy and long-term monitoring of this species would be important to halt its spreading in time.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 23 Mar 2023 18:14:07 +0200
The Alien to Cyprus Entomofauna (ACE) database: a review of the current status of alien insects (Arthropoda, Insecta) including an updated species checklist, discussion on impacts and recommendations for informing management https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/96823/ NeoBiota 83: 11-42

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.83.96823

Authors: Jakovos Demetriou, Canella Radea, Jodey M. Peyton, Quentin Groom, Alain Roques, Wolfgang Rabitsch, Nicos Seraphides, Margarita Arianoutsou, Helen E. Roy, Angeliki F. Martinou

Abstract: Alien insects represent one of the most species rich groups of organisms introduced to Europe, with some responsible for adverse social-economic, human-health, biodiversity and ecosystem impacts. The impacts of invasive alien species, especially on island ecosystems, have been a hot topic of research worldwide. Cyprus is a Mediterranean island at the biogeographic crossroads of Asia, Africa and Europe. This study presents the database of the alien insects of the island of Cyprus as a whole, created through an extensive review including grey literature and online sources. The Alien to Cyprus Entomofauna (ACE) triples the known number of alien insects and adds supplemental information to existing species. Data concerning a total of 349 alien insects are presented alongside an updated checklist and recommendations for informing management. The status of alien insects on the island, their origin, trophic guilds, establishment, pathways of introduction and impacts are discussed. Developing an alien species inventory for the island is challenging due to its geographic position and the increasing movement of people and goods leading to new species introductions. This publication constitutes an important first step towards providing information for effective actions to tackle invasive alien insects on Cyprus. The checklist and accompanying information can underpin understanding of the status and trends of alien species including providing information for risk assessments. ACE will continue to be maintained and updated as new records for Cyprus are made.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Review Article Mon, 20 Mar 2023 18:58:29 +0200
More than we bargained for: Zebra mussels transported amongst European native freshwater snails https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/97647/ NeoBiota 83: 1-10

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.83.97647

Authors: James W. E. Dickey, Reid S. Brennan, Sheena Suet-Wah Chung, Jonathan M. Jeschke, Gregor T. Steffen, Elizabeta Briski

Abstract: The international pet trade is a major driver of non-native species spread, including species both sold in the trade, and organisms incidentally transported alongside. Here, we document the discovery of invasive zebra mussels, Dreissena polymorpha, in Germany, transported alongside a commonly traded garden pond snail and European native, Viviparus viviparus, ordered from a German pet website. We highlight that the trade poses yet another way in which zebra mussels and other invasive species can expand their invaded range into novel ecosystems. We call for stricter biosecurity enforcement towards sellers, and encourage raising awareness amongst customers to inhibit the further spread of invasive species through the pet trade.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Short Communication Mon, 6 Mar 2023 17:38:43 +0200
Closely related invasive species may be controlled by the same demographic life stages https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/95127/ NeoBiota 82: 189-207

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.82.95127

Authors: Jane Molofsky, Dominik Thom, Stephen R. Keller, Lindsey R. Milbrath

Abstract: Invasive species that are closely related to each other may have similar population dynamics and, therefore, be controlled by targeting similar life stages. We studied two invasive knapweed species, spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe subsp. micranthos) and the hybrid meadow knapweed complex (Centaurea × moncktonii) in New York, USA, to determine their individual population growth rates (λ) across several sites over three years. Both knapweed species had growth rates that were greater than 1 (spotted knapweed λ ranged from 1.005–1.440; meadow knapweed λ ranged from 1.541–2.408), but there was high variability between years and sites. One study population of meadow knapweed was composed primarily of individuals of black knapweed ancestry (C. nigra), a species that, while introduced, is not invasive. For this population, the projected dynamics were stable (λ approximately 1). Elasticity analysis showed that the flowering-to-flowering stage contributed the most to population growth rate for six of seven sites and three additional transitions were also influential for four of seven sites of spotted and meadow knapweed: the seedling-to-vegetative stage, vegetative-to-flowering stage and flowering-to-seedling stage. We simulated how increasing vital rates would affect population growth and found that both spotted and meadow knapweed followed the same pattern. The vital rate of established seedlings maturing to flowering plants had the greatest effect on population growth, followed by the survival of new and established seedlings. In all cases, the responses were non-linear, with small initial changes having a large effect. Increases in the vital rates of later stages also tended to have a positive effect on growth rate, but the effects were more modest. Although the sensitivity analysis indicated that early vital rates had the largest effect on population growth, targeting these stages is not practical for management. Rather, reducing older life stage survival or delaying maturation of vegetative individuals would be more effective. The similarity between the population dynamics and how each life stage contributes to population growth provides support that protocols developed for one species should be effective for the other species with the caveat that any biological control agent should be directly tested on the target species before being utilised.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 2 Mar 2023 18:32:05 +0200
Effects of invasive Rosa rugosa on Baltic coastal dune communities depend on dune age https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/97275/ NeoBiota 82: 163-187

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.82.97275

Authors: Marcin W. Woch, Paweł Kapusta, Małgorzata Stanek, Katarzyna Możdżeń, Irena M. Grześ, Elżbieta Rożej-Pabijan, Anna M. Stefanowicz

Abstract: Rosa rugosa Thunb. (Japanese Rose) is one of the most invasive species in Europe. It spreads spontaneously in coastal areas of western, central and northern Europe, posing a threat to dune habitats, including those indicated in the EU Habitats Directive as particularly valuable. R. rugosa has already been reported to displace native plants and alter soil properties. However, little is known about how these effects are mediated by the habitat context or the invader condition (health, ontogenetic stage). This study addressed that gap by examining vegetation and soil in 22 R. rugosa-invaded sites, half of which were in yellow dunes and the other half in grey dunes, i.e. two habitats representing the earlier and later stages of dune succession. The study was conducted on the Hel Peninsula (Poland’s Baltic coast). R. rugosa had a significant impact on dune vegetation, but the impact was strongly dependent on the habitat type. In the yellow dune sites, R. rugosa outcompeted most resident plant species, which translated into a strong decline in their total cover and richness. The invasion was almost not accompanied by changes in soil properties, suggesting that it affected the resident vegetation directly (through space takeover and shading). In the grey dunes, R. rugosa caused a shift in species composition, from that characteristic of open communities to that typical of forests. In this habitat, a significant increase in the soil organic layer thickness under R. rugosa was also observed, which means that both direct and indirect effects of the invasion on the vegetation should be assumed. Finally, a negative relationship was found between the total chlorophyll content in R. rugosa leaves and the parameters of resident plant communities, showing that the invasion effects can vary not only across habitats, but also with the condition of the invader. The results may have practical implications for managing R. rugosa invasions in coastal sand dune systems. Since R. rugosa accelerates grey dune succession, protecting this habitat may be more urgent and, at the same time, more complicated than protecting dunes at the earlier stages of development.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 2 Mar 2023 18:30:19 +0200
Genetic relationships among laboratory lines of the egg parasitoid Trissolcus japonicus from native and adventive populations https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/97881/ NeoBiota 82: 145-161

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.82.97881

Authors: Paul K. Abram, Tyler D. Nelson, Valerie Marshall, Tara D. Gariepy, Tim Haye, Jinping Zhang, Tracy Hueppelsheuser, Susanna Acheampong, Chandra E. Moffat

Abstract: Candidate biological control agents of invasive insect pests are increasingly being found in new geographic regions as a result of unintentional introductions. However, testing the degree of genetic differentiation among adventive and native-range populations of these agents is rarely done. We used reduced-representation sequencing of genomic DNA to investigate the relationships among laboratory lines of Trissolcus japonicus (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera, Scelionidae), an egg parasitoid and biological control agent of the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae). We compared sequences from multiple adventive populations in North America (Canada, USA) and Europe (Switzerland) with populations sourced from part of its native range in China. We found considerably more genetic variation among lines sourced from adventive populations than among those within native populations. In the Pacific Northwest of North America (British Columbia, Canada and Washington State, USA), we found preliminary evidence of three distinct genetic clusters, two of which were highly dissimilar from all other lines we genotyped. In contrast, we found that other adventive lines with close geographic proximity (two from Ontario, Canada, three from Switzerland) had limited genetic variation. These findings provide a basis for testing biological differences among lines that will inform their use as biological control agents, and provide evidence to support a hypothesis of several independent introductions of T. japonicus in western North America from different source areas.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Short Communication Mon, 27 Feb 2023 10:55:14 +0200
Shining a LAMP on the applications of isothermal amplification for monitoring environmental biosecurity https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/97998/ NeoBiota 82: 119-144

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.82.97998

Authors: Nathan Deliveyne, Jennifer M. Young, Jeremy J. Austin, Phillip Cassey

Abstract: Environmental biosecurity risks associated with the transnational wildlife trade include the loss of biodiversity, threats to public health, and the proliferation of invasive alien species. To assist enforcement agencies in identifying species either intentionally (trafficked) or unintentionally (stowaway) entrained in the trade-chain pathway, rapid forensic techniques are needed to enable their detection from DNA samples when physical identification is not possible. Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) is an emerging technique, with recent applications in biosecurity and forensic sciences, which has potential to function as a field-based detection tool. Here we provide an overview of current research that applies LAMP to environmental biosecurity, including identification of ornamental wildlife parts, consumer products, and invasive species monitoring and biosecurity detection. We discuss the current scope of LAMP as applied to various wildlife trade scenarios and biosecurity checkpoint monitoring, highlight the specificity, sensitivity, and robustness for these applications, and review the potential utility of LAMP for rapid field-based detection at biosecurity checkpoints. Based on our assessment of the literature we recommend broader interest, research uptake, and investment in LAMP as an appropriate field-based species detection method for a wide range of environmental biosecurity scenarios.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Review Article Fri, 24 Feb 2023 18:57:25 +0200
Genetic analyses reveal a complex introduction history of the globally invasive tree Acacia longifolia https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/87455/ NeoBiota 82: 89-117

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.82.87455

Authors: Sara Vicente, Helena Trindade, Cristina Máguas, Johannes J. Le Roux

Abstract: Acacia longifolia (Sydney golden wattle) is considered one of the most problematic plant invaders in Mediterranean-type ecosystems. In this study, we investigate the species’ invasion history by comparing the genetic diversity and structure of native (Australia) and several invasive range (Brazil, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, and Uruguay) populations and by modelling different introduction scenarios using these data. We sampled 272 A. longifolia individuals – 126 from different invasive ranges and 146 from the native range – from 41 populations. We genotyped all individuals at four chloroplast and 12 nuclear microsatellite markers. From these data we calculated diversity metrics, identified chloroplast haplotypes, and estimated population genetic structure based on Bayesian assignment tests. We used Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) models to infer the likely introduction history into each invaded country. In Australia, population genetic structure of A. longifolia appears to be strongly shaped by the Bass Strait and we identified two genetic clusters largely corresponding to mainland Australian and Tasmanian populations. We found invasive populations to represent a mixture of these clusters. Similar levels of genetic diversity were present in native and invasive ranges, indicating that invasive populations did not go through a genetic bottleneck. Bayesian assignment tests and chloroplast haplotype frequencies further suggested a secondary introduction event between South Africa and Portugal. However, ABC analyses could not confidently identify the native source(s) of invasive populations in these two countries, probably due to the known high propagule pressure that accompanied these introductions. ABC analyses identified Tasmania as the likely source of invasive populations in Brazil and Uruguay. A definitive native source for Spanish populations could also not be identified. This study shows that tracing the introduction history of A. longifolia is difficult, most likely because of the complexity associated with the extensive movement of the species around the world. Our findings should be considered when planning management and control efforts, such as biological control, in some invaded regions.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Tue, 21 Feb 2023 19:30:03 +0200
Population level interactions between an invasive woodwasp, an invasive nematode and a community of native parasitoids https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/96599/ NeoBiota 82: 67-88

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.82.96599

Authors: Saskya van Nouhuys, David C. Harris, Ann E. Hajek

Abstract: Parasitic nematodes and hymenopteran parasitoids have been introduced and used extensively to control invasive Eurasian Sirex noctilio woodwasps in pine plantations in the Southern Hemisphere where no members of this community are native. Sirex noctilio has more recently invaded North America where Sirex-associated communities are native. Sirex noctilio and its parasitic nematode, Deladenus siricidicola, plus six native hymenopteran woodwasp parasitoids in New York and Pennsylvania, were sampled from 204 pines in 2011–2019. Sirex noctilio had become the most common woodwasp in this region and the native parasitoids associated with the native woodwasps had expanded their host ranges to use this invader. We investigated the distributions of these species among occupied trees and the interactions between S. noctilio and natural enemies as well as among the natural enemies. Sirex noctilio were strongly aggregated, with a few of the occupied trees hosting hundreds of woodwasps. Nematode parasitism was positively associated with S. noctilio density, and negatively associated with the density of rhyssine parasitoids. Parasitism by the parasitoid Ibalia leucospoides was positively associated with host (S. noctilio) density, while parasitism by the rhyssine parasitoids was negatively associated with density of S. noctilio. Thus, most S. noctilio come from a few attacked trees in a forest, and S. noctilio from those high-density trees experienced high parasitism by both the invasive nematode and the most abundant native parasitoid, I. l. ensiger. There is little evidence for direct competition between the nematodes and parasitoids. The negative association occurring between rhyssine parasitoids and I. l. ensiger suggests rhyssines may suffer from competition with I. l. ensiger which parasitize the host at an earlier life stage. In addition to direct competition with the native woodwasp Sirex nigricornis for suitable larval habitat within weakened trees, the large S. noctilio population increases the parasitoid and nematode populations, which may increase parasitism of S. nigricornis.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 9 Feb 2023 17:42:00 +0200
Genetic diversity and structure of Crupina vulgaris (common crupina): a noxious rangeland weed of the western United States https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/90229/ NeoBiota 82: 57-66

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.82.90229

Authors: John F. Gaskin, Nisha Chapagain, Mark Schwarzländer, Matthew A. Tancos, Natalie M. West

Abstract: Common crupina (Crupina vulgaris) is a federal noxious weed in the western USA that is currently the target of a classical biological control programme using the fungus Ramularia crupinae. We first identified and determined the location of populations of the two varieties of common crupina in the western United States and assessed the pattern of genetic diversity and structure of these populations. We found seven AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism) genotypes for 326 plants in 17 populations. AFLP genotypes correlated with two taxa, either C. vulgaris var. vulgaris or C. vulgaris var. brachypappa. This annual species is outcrossing, but relies on selfing when pollination does not occur, which may explain why less than 1% of the genetic variation is within populations. We found strong population genetic structuring and can typically predict genotype or variety for a given location. Researchers and managers will be able to predict and survey for differential efficacy of R. crupinae on the different genotypes and varieties during initial biological control field releases, thereby increasing the likelihood of successful biocontrol establishment and impact.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Mon, 6 Feb 2023 18:02:20 +0200
The TOP-100 most dangerous invasive alien species in Northern Eurasia: invasion trends and species distribution modelling https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/96282/ NeoBiota 82: 23-56

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.82.96282

Authors: Varos Petrosyan, Fedor Osipov, Irina Feniova, Natalia Dergunova, Andrey Warshavsky, Lyudmila Khlyap, Andrew Dzialowski

Abstract: Northern Eurasia is extensive and includes terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems that cover several natural zones and access to the seas of three oceans. As a result, it has been invaded by numerous invasive alien species (IAS) over large temporal and spatial scales. The purpose of this research was to assess invasion trends and construct species distribution models for the Russian TOP-100 most dangerous IAS. Environmentally suitable regions for IAS were established based on alien species attribute databases, datasets of 169,709 species occurrence records (SOR) and raster layers of environmental variables using species distribution modelling (MaxEnt). The objectives of this research were to (1) create databases of SOR for the TOP-100 IAS in Russia; 2) determine pathways, residence time, donor regions and trends of invasions; (3) determine the main types of spatial distributions of invasive species and their relation to residence time; and (4) distinguish regions with the highest richness of IAS that have a strong impact on the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems of Russia. We found that although species invasions date back over 400 years, the number of naturalized IAS has increased non-linearly over the past 76 years. The TOP-100 list is mainly represented by unintentionally introduced species (62%) which are characterized by different introduction pathways. Species occurrence records revealed that 56 IAS are distributed locally, 26 are distributed regionally and 18 are widespread in Russia. Species with local, regional or widespread distributions were characterized by residence times of 55, 126 or 190 years, respectively. We found that IAS with local distribution can expand their range into suitable regions more extensively (expected increase by 32%) than widespread species (expected increase by only 7%). The procedure of identifying hot/cold spots locations based on SOR allowed us to identify the Russian regions with the highest richness of IAS. Our results and the integrated database that we created provide a framework for studying IAS over large temporal and spatial scales that can be used in the development of management plans for dangerous IAS.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Thu, 2 Feb 2023 18:31:44 +0200
Chelonian challenge: three alien species from North America are moving their reproductive boundaries in Central Europe https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/87264/ NeoBiota 82: 1-21

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.82.87264

Authors: Benno Tietz, Johannes Penner, Melita Vamberger

Abstract: Biological invasions by alien species have substantial economic impacts and are a major driver of the ongoing decline and loss of biodiversity. Through humans, the North American pond slider (Trachemys scripta) has acquired a global distribution over the last decades and is currently listed among the worst invasive reptile species. However, in more recent times, other freshwater chelonian species have increasingly been recorded far outside their native distribution ranges as well, not only on the same continent but also on others. Despite that, the impact of alien chelonians on their respective new ecosystems remains unclear. The long-term effects and severity of impacts of alien populations mostly depend on whether they ultimately succeed in establishing themselves. This is not entirely resolved for chelonians in Central Europe. To answer that, we investigated wild populations of three non-native chelonian species from North America in Germany (Pseudemys concinna, Graptemys pseudogeographica and Trachemys scripta) applying population genetic approaches. We revealed the successful reproduction of all three species in Germany and provide the very first record for the reproduction of P. concinna and G. pseudogeographica in a temperate continental climate zone outside their native distribution. Based on our unambiguous evidence of natural reproduction, we call for dedicated studies to verify how widespread established populations are and to investigate the existing and potential impacts of all three species in a range of ecosystems along a climatic gradient. Such data is urgently needed to revise the current risk assessments of non-native chelonians, especially in Central European countries.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Wed, 1 Feb 2023 17:32:34 +0200
A bug’s tale: revealing the history, biogeography and ecological patterns of 500 years of insect invasions https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/87362/ NeoBiota 81: 183-197

DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.81.87362

Authors: Daniela N. López, Eduardo Fuentes-Contreras, Cecilia Ruiz, Sandra Ide, Sergio A. Estay

Abstract: The arrival of Europeans to the Americas triggered a massive exchange of organisms on a continental scale. This exchange was accelerated by the rapid increase in the movement of people and goods during the 20th century. In Chile, scientific and technical literature contains hundreds of records of non-native insect species established in different parts of the territory, from the hyperarid Atacama Desert to the Magallanes Region. Here, we analyse temporal trends, taxonomic diversity, biogeographic origin and main impacts of these species on different sectors in Chile from the European arrival to the present. Our task includes a review of old records in museum catalogues, libraries, collections, expedition records and catalogues. Almost 600 species of non-native insects have been reported to be established in Chile. Introductions started with the very arrival of Europeans to the central valley of Chile and underwent a huge acceleration in the second half of the 20th century. The order Hemiptera was the most prevalent amongst non-native insects. Most species are linked to agriculture and forestry. Species are of Palearctic origin in more than 50% of the records. In terms of temporal trends, the rate of established non-native species shows an abrupt increase at the beginning of the 1950s. This change may be associated with the strong development in agriculture and forestry in Chile after World War II and the increase in intercontinental air traffic. We believe that the understanding of past patterns of introductions is an important component in the design of current policies to minimise the impact of invasive insects.

HTML

XML

PDF

]]>
Research Article Tue, 31 Jan 2023 19:01:02 +0200