Latest Articles from Subterranean Biology Latest 100 Articles from Subterranean Biology https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/ Tue, 19 Mar 2024 09:51:25 +0200 Pensoft FeedCreator https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/i/logo.jpg Latest Articles from Subterranean Biology https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/ Why cave planthoppers study matters: are Cixiidae a subtroglophile lineage? (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha) https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/117086/ Subterranean Biology 48: 147-170

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.48.117086

Authors: Maxime Le Cesne, Hannelore Hoch, Yalin Zhang, Thierry Bourgoin

Abstract: Planthoppers are an interesting and contrasting model among insects for studying the subterranean environments. Their morphological and ethological adaptations to the underground conditions (complete darkness, lower temperatures, high hygrometry, stability of environmental constants, rarefied food sources, etc.), and their worldwide distribution in both temperate and tropical areas make them an interesting model among invertebrates. In this review, we highlight why cave planthoppers study matters, with particular emphasis on the Cixiidae. The two hypotheses proposed, the ‘climatic relict hypothesis’ and the ‘adaptive shift’, are not sufficient enough to clearly understand and explain the drivers to cavernicoly. Phylogenetic analyses approaches might help to better document and increase our knowledge on such peculiar environments. The singularity of the distribution pattern of the adaptation to cavernicoly in planthoppers raises also interesting questions to investigate and suggest contrasting scenarios to explore further, particularly should the Cixiidae be defined as a subtroglophile lineage?

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Research Article Mon, 11 Mar 2024 17:57:26 +0200
A new species of Stygobromus Cope, 1872 (Amphipoda, Crangonyctidae) from a hypotelminorheic seepage spring in Washington, D.C., USA https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/112984/ Subterranean Biology 48: 117-146

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.48.112984

Authors: Matthew L. Niemiller, Andrew G. Cannizzaro, Thomas R. Sawicki, David C. Culver

Abstract: We describe a new species of subterranean amphipod (Amphipoda: Crangonyctidae) in the genus Stygobromus from a hypotelminorheic seepage spring at Shepherd Parkway, part of National Capital East Parks, Washington, D.C., USA, part of the National Park System, using both morphological and genetic approaches. The Anacostia Groundwater Amphipod, S. anacostensis sp. nov. is a member of the S. tenuis species group but differs from related congeners based on body size, serrate blade-like edge of both palms of gnathopods 1 and 2, presence of rastellate setae on the posterodistal margin of the carpus of gnathopod 2, and aspects of the second antennae, mandibular palp, pereopods 5–7, uropods 1 and 2, and telson. Moreover, S. anacostensis sp. nov. is genetically distinct from S. tenuis in the Washington D.C. metropolitan area. The description of S. anacostensis sp. nov. increases the number of described Stygobromus species to eight in the Washington D.C. area and highlights the need for continued biodiversity studies, even in regions that have received considerable attention.

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Research Article Thu, 15 Feb 2024 23:21:34 +0200
What`s crawling in the dark? An annotated list of gastropods in Greek caves https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/113383/ Subterranean Biology 48: 73-116

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.48.113383

Authors: Danae Karakasi, Kaloust Paragamian, Moissis Mylonas, Katerina Vardinoyannis

Abstract: Greece is covered by a high percentage of carbonate rocks, resulting in a significant number of over 10,000 caves within its territory. Their fauna is not well known. Concerning gastropods, 68 terrestrial species have been reported from 70 caves. In this study, we contribute to the knowledge of the snails inhabiting Greek caves. We analyzed the literature and studied all the material deposited in the Natural History Museum of Crete, to create a first comprehensive list of gastropods of Greek caves. The number of caves from which gastropod species were reported increased to 182, while the number of known terrestrial species increased to 113. Fourteen of these species live only in caves, twelve of which are endemic of Greece. However, the fauna of Greek caves is still understudied. With the increasing exploration of Greek caves, the number of the known cave-dwelling gastropod species will increase and new species will be discovered.

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Checklist Tue, 13 Feb 2024 16:30:49 +0200
DNA taxonomy reveals high species diversity among the stygobiont genus Metastenasellus (Crustacea, Isopoda) in African groundwater https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/113022/ Subterranean Biology 48: 51-71

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.48.113022

Authors: Moïssou Lagnika, Raoul Polycarpe Tuekam Kayo, Gontran Sonet, Jean-François Flot, Patrick Martin

Abstract: This study aimed to explore the species diversity within the isopod genus Metastenasellus in Benin and Cameroon. Compared to other parts of the world, the described diversity of stygobiotic crustaceans in Africa is low due to a dearth of studies and taxonomic expertise. However, recent research activities in Benin and Cameroon suggest higher groundwater diversity than previously envisioned. Recent sampling campaigns in these countries have shown that Metastenasellus is a major group in the underground aquatic environment. The accumulation of biological material provided an opportunity to explore species diversity within the genus using a DNA taxonomy approach based on the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene fragment. Despite the limitations of using a single-locus approach for species delimitation, an overview of the diversity within the genus Metastenasellus was obtained, revealing the presence of 23 distinct lineages. Several elements suggest that most, if not all, of these lineages represent valid species. These include high genetic distances between lineages, morphologically distinct species separated by genetic distances of the same order of magnitude as between other described lineages, and the coexistence of different lineages at the same stations. Despite a limited sampling effort, these first results indicate a high level of species diversity and endemism within Metastenasellus in the studied regions. The narrow geographic distribution of the lineages suggests strong isolation and limited dispersal abilities. This study highlights the potential for discovering a significant number of new species within this genus and emphasizes the need for further research to uncover the extent of diversity in African stygobiotic isopods.

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Research Article Wed, 7 Feb 2024 14:06:08 +0200
Phylogenetic systematics of the enigmatic genus Horologion Valentine, 1932 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Trechinae, Horologionini), with description of a new species from Bath County, Virginia https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/114404/ Subterranean Biology 48: 1-49

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.48.114404

Authors: Curt W. Harden, Robert L. Davidson, Thomas E. Malabad, Michael S. Caterino, David R. Maddison

Abstract: Horologion Valentine, one of the rarest and most enigmatic carabid beetle genera in the world, was until now known only from the holotype of Horologion speokoites Valentine, discovered in 1931 in a small cave in West Virginia. A single specimen of a new species from Virginia was collected in 1991, but overlooked until 2018. DNA sequence data from specimens of this new species, Horologion hubbardi sp. nov., collected in 2022 and 2023, as well as a critical examination of the external morphology of both species, allow us to confidently place Horologion in the supertribe Trechitae, within a clade containing Bembidarenini and Trechini. A more specific placement as sister to the Gondwanan Bembidarenini is supported by DNA sequence data. Previous hypotheses placing Horologion in or near the tribes Anillini, Tachyini, Trechini, Patrobini, and Psydrini are rejected. The existence of two species of Horologion on opposite sides of the high mountains of the middle Appalachians suggests that these mountains are where the ancestral Horologion populations dispersed from, and predicts the discovery of additional populations and species. All specimens of H. hubbardi were collected in or near drip pools, and most were found dead, suggesting that the terrestrial epikarst, rather than caves, is the true habitat of Horologion, which explains their extreme rarity since epikarst has not been directly sampled. We recognize the tribe Horologionini, a relict lineage without any close relatives known in the Northern Hemisphere, and an important part of Appalachian biodiversity.

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Research Article Mon, 8 Jan 2024 09:17:56 +0200
Cave-dwelling fauna of Costa Rica: current state of knowledge and future research perspectives https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/113219/ Subterranean Biology 47: 29-62

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.47.113219

Authors: Stanimira Deleva, Andres Ulloa, Hernani F. M. Oliveira, Nikolay Simov, Ferdinando Didonna, Gloriana Chaverri

Abstract: This study focused on the cave fauna of Costa Rica, which has remained relatively understudied despite the presence of more than 435 recorded natural caves and artificial subterranean sites. We collected and reviewed all available literature data on cave fauna in Costa Rica and created the first comprehensive review of the existing information. In addition, we report new records from field surveys conducted between 2015 and 2018. This study reported approximately 123 animal species, whereas the remaining records (n = 82) represented taxa that could not be identified at the species level. Data were collected from 127 locations throughout the country, with new cave fauna records from 41 sites. Notably, we reported the first occurrence of the true bug Amnestus subferrugineus (Westwood 1837) within Costa Rican caves, which represents an addition to the country’s faunal inventory. As this study highlights the knowledge gaps in the subterranean fauna, it will serve as an important stepping stone for future research and conservation efforts related to caves in Costa Rica.

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Research Article Fri, 8 Dec 2023 14:41:19 +0200
Two new phreatic snails (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda, Cochliopidae) from the Edwards and Edwards-Trinity aquifers, Texas https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/113186/ Subterranean Biology 47: 1-27

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.47.113186

Authors: Kathryn E. Perez, Yamileth Guerrero, Roel Castañeda, Peter H. Diaz, Randy Gibson, Benjamin Schwartz, Benjamin T. Hutchins

Abstract: The Edwards and Edwards-Trinity Aquifers of Texas have diverse stygofauna, including fifteen species of snails found in phreatic and hyporheic habitats. These species have the hallmarks of adaptation to subterranean environments including extremely small body size and the loss of pigmentation and eyes. Here we use an integrative taxonomic approach, using shell, radula, and anatomical features as well as mitochondrial and nuclear DNA data, to circumscribe a new genus and two new cavesnail species from Central Texas. Vitropyrgus lillianae gen. et sp. nov. is described from Comal Springs (Comal County) and Fessenden Springs (Kerr County) and distinguished by a glassy, highly sculptured shell and distinctively simple, unornamented penial morphology. We also describe Phreatodrobia bulla sp. nov. from Hidden Springs (Bell County), and several other springs in Bell & Williamson Counties, Texas. This species has a smooth, unsculptured teleoconch, a reflected and flared lip, and deeply concave operculum.

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Research Article Mon, 4 Dec 2023 09:45:27 +0200
The biospeleological work of Carl L. Hubbs (1894–1979): an appraisal https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/114190/ Subterranean Biology 46: 165-198

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.46.114190

Authors: Aldemaro Romero Jr., Max Moseley

Abstract: Carl Leavitt Hubbs (1894–1979) was a prominent and internationally renowned American ichthyologist whose publications include taxonomic descriptions of several North American blindfishes including the Mexican Cave Characin. His archived personal papers reveal a wide-ranging interest in the biology and evolutionary origins of cave and blindfishes, and his discussions and disputes with colleagues about their taxonomy. He also took opportunities to collect other fauna from American caves during the inter-war decades. Drawing upon his unpublished archive and other relevant sources his biospeleological work is chronicled in detail and discussed in the context of his other work.

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In Memoriam Wed, 22 Nov 2023 09:12:17 +0200
Assessment of occurrence, diversity, and biomass of macroinvertebrates in Swiss groundwater systems using citizen science data https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/112569/ Subterranean Biology 46: 147-164

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.46.112569

Authors: Ana Sofia Schneider, Mara Knüsel, Florian Altermatt

Abstract: Groundwater is a vast ecosystem harboring a high diversity of specialized taxa. Despite its diversity, groundwater is a still relatively unexplored and threatened ecosystem. Especially the linkage of groundwater with other ecosystems remains largely unknown from the perspective of groundwater fauna. Here, we used citizen science data to get a first baseline knowledge of the occurrence, diversity, and biomass of major macroinvertebrate groups found in shallow groundwater systems of Switzerland. We investigated all organisms collected from the groundwater in 346 spring catchment boxes of municipal drinking water providers. We morphologically identified the organisms on a broad taxonomic level and estimated their biomass and pigmentation using automated image processing. Crustaceans, particularly Niphargus and groundwater isopods, were the most common taxa of obligate groundwater organisms. We also found a surprisingly high number of macroinvertebrates associated with surface and subsurface ecosystems. These taxa might be accidentally entering the groundwater or use it as temporary habitat. In both cases they possibly contribute essential allochthonous energy imports from the surface. We found a positive relationship between the estimated biomass of macroinvertebrates in the samples and the occurrence and abundance of Niphargus. Owing to the widespread occurrences of surface and subsurface macroinvertebrates in our groundwater samples, our study provides evidence for common interactions between groundwater, soil, and surface ecosystems.

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Research Article Thu, 9 Nov 2023 18:34:40 +0200
Aquatic microdiversity from urban cenotes in Cancun, Quintana Roo, Mexico https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/108082/ Subterranean Biology 46: 129-145

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.46.108082

Authors: Job Alí Díaz-Hernández, Paul Ugalde-Silva, Christian Berriozabal-Islas, Alejandro Novelo, Jaqueline Hernández-Uc, Abigail Arana-May, Sheila Denisse Pech-Patrón, Iris Aurora Nava-Jiménez, Jessica Borbolla-Vázquez

Abstract: The microdiversity of cenotes in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico has been little studied, with the phytoplankton and protists being the most representative species. However, all previous studies have been focused on cenotes associated with touristic activities, leaving a gap in the understanding of cenotes located within urban areas. The present study is dedicated to the identification of phytoplankton and protists in the cenotes of Cancun, Quintana Roo, Mexico. We conducted our research in four urban cenotes, collecting samples using a 150 µm plankton net, filtering them with a 45 µm membrane, and examining them under optical microscopy. Subsequently, we calculated the abundance, richness, and completeness of the samples. Our findings revealed a total of 6 phyla, 4 subphyla, 10 classes, 8 subclasses, 15 orders, 15 families, 18 genus, and 17 species and 4 species indeterminata in the cenotes of Cancun, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Among these, there were 8 species of phytoplankton and 1 species indeterminata, while 9 species of protists and 3 species indeterminata. These results highlight the remarkable species richness and the complex structure and composition of urban cenotes, suggesting that some species may be unique to this particular ecosystem. Currently, there is limited knowledge regarding the behavior of these aquifers (urban cenotes), and a comprehensive inventory or characterization of their microdiversity is lacking. Such information could be instrumental in the management, conservation, and sustainable use of these valuable aquifers.

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Research Article Thu, 9 Nov 2023 10:43:19 +0200
The first record of a stygobiotic form of Garra rufa (Heckel, 1843), sympatric with Garra tashanensis Mousavi-Sabet, Vatandoust, Fatemi & Eagderi, 2016 (Teleostei, Cyprinidae), in Iranian subterranean waters https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/108396/ Subterranean Biology 46: 97-127

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.46.108396

Authors: Mohammad Javad Malek-Hosseini, Jean-François Flot, Yaser Fatemi, Hamid Babolimoakher, Matjaž Kuntner, Oleg A. Diripasko, Dušan Jelić, Nina G. Bogutskaya

Abstract: We report the first finding of the stygobiotic form of the cyprinid fish Garra rufa (Heckel, 1843), discovered in a single locality in southwestern Iran, while the epigean form of the species is widely distributed in western Asia (Iran, Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey, and Syria). We also report a new locality for its hypogean congener, Garra tashanensis, about 5 km east of its type locality. The two species occur in syntopy in outflows of the Tang-e-Ban, a seasonal karstic spring that only has flowing water during winter and spring, when fish individuals are washed from the cave to the surface. Identification of the investigated samples was confirmed by morphological analyses, COI distances, and a phylogenetic tree. These findings suggest the existence of a large karst aquifer in the Tashan area that harbours several cave species of fish, crustaceans, and gastropods and may have considerable conservation implications.

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Research Article Tue, 17 Oct 2023 15:24:56 +0300
In Memoriam – Jean-Paul Mauriès https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/113328/ Subterranean Biology 46: 87-96

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.46.113328

Authors: Jean-Jacques Geoffroy

Abstract:

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In Memoriam Tue, 10 Oct 2023 13:51:26 +0300
Biogeographical affinities of the aquatic community of Refugio Cave, a newly discovered Astyanax cave https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/102043/ Subterranean Biology 46: 77-86

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.46.102043

Authors: Luis Espinasa, Aidan Pech

Abstract: Pachón cave in the Sierra de El Abra, in Northeast Mexico, stands out as hosting the world’s most widely studied cavefish population – with over 500 scholarly articles published about the population. Refugio Cave was recently discovered in the El Abra region. This cave hosts the mysid cave shrimp Spelaeomysis quinterensis and the blind cave tetra fish, Astyanax mexicanus. This study aims to understand how the aquatic community of Refugio Cave es related to other cave populations in the area. For this purpose, the Histone H3 gene of mysid shrimps and the OCA2 gene that confers albinism in Astyanax fish was sequenced. Results support that the Refugio and Pachón aquatic communities, which are only 4.5 km away apart, are closely related. Thus, the Refugio Cave population may contribute to better understand the evolutionary history of such an important population and, perhaps, help with Pachon’s cavefish conservation.

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Research Article Thu, 21 Sep 2023 11:39:05 +0300
New records of cave-dwelling populations of Rhamdia catfishes (Siluriformes, Heptapteridae) from Chiapas, Mexico https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/110269/ Subterranean Biology 46: 61-76

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.46.110269

Authors: Martín Alonso Buenavad-González, Jesús M. López-Vila, David Torres-Vázquez, Sonia Gabriela Hernández-Ávila, Kaleb Zárate-Gálvez, Jairo Arroyave

Abstract: Dedicated ichthyological surveys in four active karstic caves in the Mexican state of Chiapas (Grijalva River drainage basin) resulted in the discovery of the same number of hypogean populations of Rhamdia catfishes assignable to two different species: R. laticauda and R. guatemalensis. The taxonomic identity of these populations was initially determined based on morphological traits and subsequently corroborated with molecular data in a phylogenetic framework. For the most part, these newly discovered populations exhibit partial and variable troglomorphism (vs. fixed), a pattern that has been observed in most other cave-dwelling species/populations of Mexican Rhamdia, and possibly caused by gene flow with and/or incipient speciation from epigean lineages. Since most hypogean forms of Mexican Rhamdia derive from/are part of a larger R. laticauda clade, our discovery of cave-dwelling populations assignable to R. guatemalensis is noteworthy and includes the very first record of a R. guatemalensis population with pronounced and widespread troglomorphism. Our discovery of hitherto unrecorded populations of hypogean Rhamdia highlights the continued importance of exploration in the process of documenting subterranean biodiversity, particularly in regions of the world rich with cave systems. Our findings corroborate the notion that, among Neotropical fishes, the catfish genus Rhamdia is one of the most prone and effective at colonizing subterranean habitats and establishing viable hypogean populations.

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Research Article Tue, 19 Sep 2023 16:25:46 +0300
Eye convergence is evoked during larval prey capture (LPC) without visual stimulus and in blind cavefish https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/105707/ Subterranean Biology 46: 47-60

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.46.105707

Authors: Luis Espinasa, Kayla-Ann Lewis

Abstract: In zebrafish larvae, the first response when detecting prey is an oculomotor behavior; eye convergence. Eye convergence increases the overlap between the visual fields of the left and right eyes to prepare for tracking prey. A high vergence angle is maintained throughout the prey-tracking and capture swim phases, enhancing binocular depth. Since the discovery of eye convergence, hundreds of articles reporting on this behavior in zebrafish have been published. In this study, we found that the larvae of blind tetra cavefish, Astyanax mexicanus, despite being adapted to the absence of visual stimuli due to the lack of light in the cave, have retained the oculomotor behavior of eye convergence in their vestigial eyes. In Astyanax, eye convergence responses can be triggered singlehandedly by vibrations elicited with a glass rod at frequencies similar to those generated by its prey (10–35 Hz). The blind cave tetra offers an intriguing combination of regression of the eye structure, while retaining several of the physiological functions and actions performed in the eye, including light-entrained retinomotor rhythms and eye convergence.

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Research Article Tue, 5 Sep 2023 17:23:17 +0300
The surprising discovery of two new subterranean Leptodirini of the genus Spelaeobates Müller, 1901 (Coleoptera, Leiodidae, Cholevinae) from Croatia after more than a century https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/104548/ Subterranean Biology 46: 21-46

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.46.104548

Authors: Srećko Ćurčić, Nikola Vesović, Maja Vrbica, Slađana Popović, Željko Radovanović, Nina B. Ćurčić, Anatoliy A. Yamashkin, Dejan Radović, Stanislav A. Yamashkin, Sofija Vranić, Tonći Rađa

Abstract: Two new subterranean leiodid taxa of the genus Spelaeobates Müller, 1901 from three pits in northern Dalmatia (Croatia), S. coriniensis sp. nov. and S. coriniensis nonveilleri ssp. nov., are described. The morphological traits of the new taxa are enumerated and illustrated. These two taxa are placed in the subgenus Spelaeobates Müller, 1901. The relationships of these two taxa and their close relatives are clarified. Data on the sexual dimorphism of the two new taxa and on the intrasubspecific variability of S. coriniensis nonveilleri ssp. nov. are presented. We also redescribed S. novaki, the type species of both the genus Spelaeobates and the subgenus Spelaeobates and the closest relative of the newly described species. A key for identification of the taxa of the genus Spelaeobates is included. The new taxa are endemic to the Dinaric Alps of Croatia. Spelaeobates (Pretneriella) kraussi Müller, 1903 and S. (P.) pharensis langhofferi Müller, 1931 were found for the first time outside their type locality.

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Research Article Thu, 24 Aug 2023 12:33:46 +0300
First blind daddy long-legs spiders from Australia and Réunion (Araneae, Pholcidae) https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/105798/ Subterranean Biology 46: 1-19

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.46.105798

Authors: Bernhard A. Huber, Guanliang Meng, Huon L. Clark, Grégory Cazanove

Abstract: Daddy long-legs spiders are common inhabitants of tropical and subtropical caves around the globe. Numerous species have evolved troglomorphisms, including the loss of body pigments and eyes. Here we describe the first troglomorphic pholcids from Australia and Réunion. Belisana coblynau Huber & Clark, sp. nov. was extracted from mining boreholes in the arid West Australian Pilbara region. It represents a genus that is widespread in tropical forests of South and Southeast Asia, reaching the tropical north and east of Australia. Belisana coblynau is thus presumably a relict whose epigean ancestor lived in the area before the aridification of Australia starting in the early Cenozoic. Buitinga ifrit Huber & Cazanove, sp. nov. was collected in Grotte de La Tortue on Réunion, one of the oldest lava tubes on the island (~300,000 years). Congeneric species are known from East Africa, and the genus does not seem to have reached Madagascar. Since Pholcidae do not balloon, the now extinct epigean ancestor of Buitinga ifrit probably reached the island by highly accidental means (such as rafts or storms).

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Research Article Mon, 24 Jul 2023 13:38:23 +0300
First record of a freshwater cave sponge (Porifera, unknown gen. and sp.) in a cave inhabited by Astyanax cavefish in the Sierra de El Abra, San Luis Potosí, Mexico https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/105323/ Subterranean Biology 45: 187-198

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.45.105323

Authors: Laurent Legendre, Luis Espinasa, Jean-Louis Lacaille-Múzquiz, Gabriel Alaniz-Garfía, Patricia Ornelas-García, Sylvie Rétaux

Abstract: The karstic cave, la Cueva de Los Sabinos, located in the Sierra de El Abra in the state of San Luis Potosí, Mexico, is mostly known for hosting a population of blind, depigmented Astyanax mexicanus cavefish. Herein, we report the discovery of a non-pigmented sponge (Porifera) in the final sump of this cave. No genus or species name could be attributed because we did not collect any specimen. Up to now, the sponge distribution seems restricted to a single pool in la Cueva de Los Sabinos, but further careful exploration of other pools of the cave as well as closely related cavities is warranted. To our knowledge, this observation constitutes the fourth report of a freshwater, white, cave-adapted sponge in the world and the first for Mexico and North America. It is also the eleventh troglobite species encountered in Los Sabinos. Our discovery confirms the exceptionally rich biodiversity of this cave ecosystem.

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Short Communication Mon, 26 Jun 2023 19:51:19 +0300
The overview of lithobiomorph centipedes (Chilopoda, Lithobiomorpha) from caves of Slovenia https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/101430/ Subterranean Biology 45: 165-185

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.45.101430

Authors: Anja Kos, Teo Delić, Ivan Kos, Peter Kozel, Slavko Polak, Maja Zagmajster

Abstract: Centipedes of temperate regions can be found in various habitats, including forest litter, soil or caves. Slovenia, situated in the Northwestern Balkans, has rich centipede fauna, with one of the earliest scientific descriptions of a cave centipede, Lithobius stygius Latzel, 1880, from Postojnska jama. Many lithobiomorph species have been reported from Slovenian caves, but the data on their occurrence are scattered in the literature or public collections, and several specimens have even remained unexamined. Here we present the overview of lithobiomorph centipedes found in Slovenian caves. Altogether, 21 lithobiomorph species were found in 160 localities. The majority of the records, 319 out of 410, are published for the first time. Only three species are considered exclusively subterranean species, L. stygius, L. zveri and Eupolybothrus obrovensis, while other species are surface dwellers. The potential explanation of surface species presence in caves is discussed. We comment on cases of unresolved taxonomical status and present suggestions for further research needed to resolve them. Even though lithobiomorph centipedes often occur in caves, their role and importance in subterranean habitats remain to be studied.

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Research Article Tue, 16 May 2023 17:48:37 +0300
Evidence for metapopulation structure in seep-dwelling amphipods https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/103939/ Subterranean Biology 45: 157-164

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.45.103939

Authors: David C. Culver, Daniel J. Feller, Elizabeth Burch

Abstract: Twelve seepage springs in a 3 km2 area of the Goldmine Tract in the C&O Canal National Historical Park in Montgomery County, Maryland, USA were sampled in 1994–1995 and again in 2023 for three amphipod species: Stygobromus tenuis potomacus, Stygobromus pizzinii, and Crangonyx shoemakeri. During that time interval, there were 11 colonizations and 1 exinction. Three populations persisted. These results are consistent with the proposed metapopulation hypothesis of population structure.

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Short Communication Thu, 4 May 2023 10:51:21 +0300
How to map potential mesovoid shallow substratum (MSS) habitats? A case study in colluvial MSS https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/96332/ Subterranean Biology 45: 141-156

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.45.96332

Authors: Rita P. Eusébio, Paulo E. Fonseca, Rui Rebelo, Maria da Luz Mathias, Ana Sofia P. S. Reboleira

Abstract: Understanding habitat extension that limits species distribution is a crucial tool for management and conservation, in which habitat mapping plays a pivotal role. The mesovoid shallow substratum (MSS) is a type of shallow subterranean habitat with an important conservation value for invertebrate communities, functioning as climatic/reproductive refuge, biogeographic corridor and/or permanent habitat. Methodologies to map the mesovoid shallow substratum (MSS) are currently lacking. We propose a novel method for colluvial MSS habitat mapping, combining geographic information systems, geological maps, and geological knowledge on the habitat genesis. We tested and validated the efficiency of the method using the Arrábida karst area (Portugal) as a model. The method allowed the remote detection of MSS habitats suitable for invertebrate communities ex situ within the study area, and enabled the estimation of habitat extent. The faunal communities sampled in the selected location were dominated by arthropods, especially insects, showcasing the efficacy of this mapping method to detect suitable MSS habitats. The use of this method considerably reduces the in situ scouting area, providing a more efficient way of locating these habitats. The MSS is protected under EU legislation concerning floral communities and geological features, completely neglecting its faunal communities. This method also allows to estimate potential MSS habitat extension in several lithologies, facilitating the implementation of invertebrate prospections, and the establishment of more effective conservation measures.

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Research Article Fri, 21 Apr 2023 19:00:04 +0300
A new genus, Tuberocandona gen. nov. (Crustacea, Ostracoda, Candonidae) and past to present ostracod species diversity in Texas (USA) https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/98075/ Subterranean Biology 45: 119-140

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.45.98075

Authors: Okan Külköylüoğlu, Alper Ataman, Randy Gibson, Peter Diaz

Abstract: A new ostracod genus, Tuberocandona gen. nov., was collected from Honeycut Hollow Springs, Texas, USA Morphological comparisons and cladistic analyses showed that the new genus displays several different features (e.g. presence of two tubercules on each of the valves, numbers of A1 segments, shape of A2 claws, shape and presence of two claw-like setae on the clasping organs, absence of d2 and dp setae on T2 and T3, absence of alpha and beta setae on Md, shape of hemipenis) from other genera of the tribe. Including the new species, the number of non-marine ostracods known from inland waters of Texas is now 118 species in 45 genera. With the aim of documenting ostracod biodiversity in Texas (USA) by including fossils, we sought documents published from 1927 to 2022 and were able to list 673 ostracod taxa belonging to 142 genera. Among the fossils, 73 ostracods were the oldest records during the Pennsylvanian period (ca. 310 mya), while there were only 42 taxa reported from the Holocene. The Eocene had the highest number of ostracods (126 taxa). In comparison, the living species had only 18 of 673 taxa that were considered nonmarine forms. There are only six species in common with the fossils and recent records. These results suggest the potential for relatively high ostracod species richness and diversity in Texas. This is indeed strongly supported by the present study and the described new genus and its type species (Tuberocandona leonidasi sp. nov.).

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Research Article Tue, 21 Mar 2023 19:00:37 +0200
A new cave population of Astyanax mexicanus from Northern Sierra de El Abra, Tamaulipas, Mexico https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/98434/ Subterranean Biology 45: 95-117

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.45.98434

Authors: Ramsés Miranda-Gamboa, Luis Espinasa, María de los Angeles Verde-Ramírez, Jorge Hernández-Lozano, Jean Louis Lacaille, Monika Espinasa, Claudia Patricia Ornelas-García

Abstract: The Astyanax genus represents an extraordinary example of phenotypic evolution, being their most extreme examples the blind and depigmented morphs, which have evolved from independent surface-dwelling lineages. Among cave organisms, Astyanax cavefish is a prominent model system to study regressive evolution. Before this study, 34 cave populations were known for the Astyanax genus to be inhabited by the cave morph. The majority of those cave populations are distributed in Northeast México, at the Sierra Madre Oriental (32 cavefish), in three main areas: Sierra de Guatemala, Sierra de El Abra, and Micos, and two in the Balsas basin in the state of Guerrero, Mexico. In the present study, we describe a new cave population found 4.5 km Southward of Pachón cave, the most northern cave population known for the Sierra de El Abra limestone. El Refugio cave is a resurgence with a mixed population of fish with different levels of troglomorphism, and surface fish, resembling other hybrid populations within the Sierra de El Abra. Based on a mitochondrial DNA characterization of the 16S ribosomal DNA sequence, we could identify the mitochondrial lineage of this population, which was placed closely related to the “New Lineage”, sharing haplotypes with the surface (i.e. Arroyo Lagartos) and Pachón populations, instead of with the cave populations from Central Sierra de El Abra (e.g. Tinaja cave). El Refugio cave population gives additional evidence of the intricate history of this system, where migration, drift, and selection have shaped the evolution of the cave morphs through the independent episodes of the Astyanax mexicanus history.

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Research Article Mon, 6 Mar 2023 10:35:37 +0200
Evidence of ancestral nocturnality, locomotor clock regression, and cave zone-adjusted sleep duration modes in a cave beetle https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/100717/ Subterranean Biology 45: 75-94

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.45.100717

Authors: Sonya Royzenblat, Jasmina Kulacic, Markus Friedrich

Abstract: The small carrion beetle Ptomaphagus hirtus is an abundant inhabitant of the exceptionally biodiverse Mammoth Cave system. Previous studies revealed negative phototaxis and the expression of biological clock genes in this microphthalmic cave beetle. Here we present results from probing P. hirtus for the entrainment of locomotor rhythms using the TriKinetics activity monitor setup. Although curtailed by low adjustment frequency of animals to the test environment, the data obtained from successfully monitoring two animals in constant darkness (DD) and six animals exposed to 12 hour light-dark cycles (LD) revealed a strong effect of light on locomotor activity in P. hirtus. In LD, activity was prevalent during the artificial night phases while close to absent during the presumptive day phases, suggesting conserved nocturnality. Upon transitioning LD animals to constant darkness, none displayed detectable evidence of free-running activity rhythms, suggesting complete regression of the central circadian clock. Equally notable, overall locomotor activity of the two DD-monitored animals was about three-fold lower compared to LD animals due to longer rest durations in the former. We, therefore, propose the existence of cave zone-specific energy expenditure modes that are mediated through light schedule responsive modification of sleep duration in P. hirtus.

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Research Article Thu, 23 Feb 2023 11:21:17 +0200
First data on testate amoebae associated with the endemic cave bivalve Congeria jalzici Morton & Bilandžija, 2013 with a description of Psammonobiotus dinarica sp. nov. https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/97105/ Subterranean Biology 45: 53-74

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.45.97105

Authors: Najla Baković, Ferry Siemensma, Sanja Puljas, Robert Baković, Roman Ozimec, Ana Ostojić, Zrinka Mesić

Abstract: Testate amoebae are phylogenetically a very diverse group of eukaryotic microorganisms. They can be found in marine and freshwater habitats and in soil. Some of these single-celled organisms inhabit both surface and cave habitats, but their diversity in caves has barely been explored. Recent studies in the Dinaric region imply that testate amoebae in caves show a high diversity. The aim of this study was to identify the alpha diversity of testate amoebae in the Lika region (Dinaric karst, Croatia) and to compare the habitats of different caves based on testate amoebae assemblages. In eight caves we found more than 40 testate amoebae taxa, including a new testate amoeba species, Psammonobiotus dinarica sp. nov. The greatest diversity of testate amoebae was found in Markov ponor (27 taxa). The Bray-Curtis Similarity Index showed that testate amoebae assemblages in caves inhabited by the endemic and endangered cave bivalve Congeria jalzici (Markov ponor, Dankov ponor and Dražice ponor) differ from caves not inhabited by this species. This differentiation is attributed to the impact of the sinking Lika river, which occasionally completely submerges these caves, creating specific habitats for eukaryotic microorganisms. This study contributes to our understanding of the diversity, biogeography and ecology of testate amoebae in caves, as well as providing further insight into the conditions that sustain populations of C. jalzici.

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Research Article Tue, 21 Feb 2023 17:36:32 +0200
Protocol for lens removal in embryonic fish and its application on the developmental effects of eye regression https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/96963/ Subterranean Biology 45: 39-52

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.45.96963

Authors: Luis Espinasa, Marie Pavie, Sylvie Rétaux

Abstract: The lens plays a central role in the development of the optic cup. In fish, regression of the eye early in development affects the development of the craniofacial skeleton, the size of the olfactory pits, the optic nerve, and the tectum. Lens removal further affects olfaction, prey capture, and aggression. The similarity of the fish eye to other vertebrates is the basis for its use as an excellent animal model of human defects. Questions regarding the effects of eye regression are specifically well-suited to be addressed by using fish from the genus Astyanax. The species has two morphs; an eyeless cave morph and an eyed, surface morph. In the cavefish, a lens initially develops in embryos, but then degenerates by apoptosis. The cavefish retina is subsequently disorganized, degenerates, and retinal growth is arrested. The same effect is observed in surface fish when the lens is removed or exchanged for a cavefish lens. While studies can greatly benefit from a control group of surface fish with regressed eyes brought through lensectomies, few studies include them because of technical difficulties and the low survivorship of embryos that undergo this procedure. Here we describe a technique with significant modification for improvement for conducting lensectomy in one-day-old Astyanax and other fish, including zebrafish. Yields of up to 30 live embryos were obtained using this technique from a single spawn, thus enabling studies that require large sample sizes.

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Research Article Thu, 2 Feb 2023 14:40:41 +0200
Two new sympatric cave species of Castellanethes (Isopoda, Oniscidea, Olibrinidae) from Western High Atlas of Morocco https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/95845/ Subterranean Biology 45: 17-37

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.45.95845

Authors: Soumia Moutaouakil, Mohamed Boulanouar, Mohamed Ghamizi, Josiane Lips, Rodrigo Lopes Ferreira

Abstract: Two new sympatric isopod species of the genus Castellanethes (Olibrinidae) are described from caves located in the Western High Atlas of Morocco. Both species present troglomorphic traits, such as the absence of body pigmentation and eyes and are, therefore, considered cave-dwelling species (troglobitic). Castellenethes ougougensis sp. nov. was found in five caves, while C. ighousi sp. nov. is an amphibious species found in only two caves, which also harbour populations of C. ougougensis sp. nov. Additionally, notes on their habitats are provided, as well as a discussion on their conservation status.

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Research Article Mon, 30 Jan 2023 10:29:18 +0200
Vertical distribution of spiders (Araneae) in Central European shallow subterranean habitats https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/95850/ Subterranean Biology 45: 1-16

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.45.95850

Authors: Milan Řezáč, Vlastimil Růžička, Jan Dolanský, Petr Dolejš

Abstract: Shallow subterranean habitats are among the last habitats in Central Europe to be arachnologically researched. Using stratified pipe traps, we studied the vertical distribution of spiders in soil and interspaces in bedrock (shallow subterranean habitats). Specifically, we sampled fauna in different substrates, including limestone, sandy marlstone, sandy marl, claystone, loess, and artificial gravel accumulation. Employing stratified pipe traps allowed us to identify the depth at which particular species occurred. Across multiple years and sampling sites, we collected 76 spider species, 21 of which showed an affinity for subterranean microhabitats. Some of these species occurred in interspaces in soil and bedrock, whereas others have been previously found in subterranean ant nests and animal burrows. We collected five species (Iberina microphthalma, Centromerus cf. piccolo, Porrhomma cambridgei, P. microcavense, and P. microps) almost exclusively at depths over half a meter, suggesting the strong affinity of these species for a subterranean lifestyle. We provide diagrams of these species’ vertical distribution and photo-document eye reduction. Our study demonstrates that poorly studied shallow subterranean habitats harbor diverse subterranean spider fauna, including several previously considered rare species in Central Europe.

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Research Article Wed, 18 Jan 2023 18:08:52 +0200
Free living ciliated protists from the chemoautotrophic cave ecosystem of Frasassi (Italy) https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/96545/ Subterranean Biology 44: 167-198

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.44.96545

Authors: Daizy Bharti, Santosh Kumar, Federico Buonanno, Claudio Ortenzi, Alessandro Montanari, Pablo Quintela-Alonso, Antonietta La Terza

Abstract: This study provides the first report on a community of free-living ciliated protists from the chemoautotrophic cave ecosystem of Frasassi, Italy. This subterranean groundwater ecosystem represents a hotspot of biodiversity that still needs to be fully explored with particular reference to microbial eukaryotes such as protist ciliates. A total of 33 taxa of ciliates were identified along with one species each of flagellate, heliozoans and naked amoebae, from four main sampling sites, namely, Grotta Solfurea (GSO), Lago Verde (LVE), Ramo Solfureo (RSO), and Pozzo dei Cristalli (PDC). The last consists of small microhabitats/ponds presenting different chemical–physical and biological parameters, such as sulfur and nutrient contents and the presence of bacterial biofilms. Furthermore, an analysis of the cryptic ciliate species biosphere as a ‘seedbank’ of diversity against cave ecosystem disturbance was also performed. This study also highlights some peculiar adaptations of cave-dwelling ciliates not described in their noncave-dwelling conspecifics, such as the extreme photosensitivity of Urocentrum turbo, the cannibalism of Coleps hirtus, the variable number of thorns in Aspidisca species as a defensive response to predation, and the frequent reorganization of ciliary structures in Euplotes aediculatus. The 18S rDNA sequences were generated for five species and were compared with those of the noncave-dwelling conspecifics. Finally, our results shed light on the still largely unknown ciliate diversity in the chemosynthesis-based sulfidic groundwater ecosystem of Frasassi.

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Research Article Fri, 30 Dec 2022 07:43:13 +0200
Two new cavernicolous species of Anillinus Casey (Carabidae, Trechinae, Anillini) from Texas with a revised key to Texas species https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/91002/ Subterranean Biology 44: 153-166

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.44.91002

Authors: Igor M. Sokolov

Abstract: Two new species of blind cavernicolous ground beetles in the genus Anillinus Casey are described from Texas. Based on the structure of the male genitalia, Anillinus reddelli sp. nov. (type locality: SW Bypass Cave, Williamson County, Texas) is closely related to A. forthoodensis Sokolov and Reddell from the neighboring Bell County. Based on the structure of the male genitalia, Anillinus bexarensis sp. nov. (type locality: Up the Creek Cave, Bexar County, Texas) is closely related to A. weismanensis Sokolov and Kavanaugh from Hays and Bell Counties. Both new species are illustrated with images of the habitus, body parts, and male and female genitalia. Based on morphological data a new grouping of the Texas species is proposed and discussed.

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Research Article Fri, 11 Nov 2022 18:21:29 +0200
A new species of the genus Siambathynella Camacho, Watiroyram & Brancelj, 2011 (Crustacea, Bathynellacea, Parabathynellidae) from a Thai cave https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/93661/ Subterranean Biology 44: 139-152

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.44.93661

Authors: Ana I. Camacho, Philippe Leclerc

Abstract: Siambathynella janineana sp. nov. (family Parabathynellidae) discovered in Thailand is herein described. The new species displays an exclusive character: a distinctive organ on the antennule of males. It also displays a unique combination of morphological characters, including a seven-segmented antennule and antenna, sexual dimorphism of the antennule, a one-segmented exopod on thoracopod I and a two-segmented one on thoracopods II to VII, a male thoracopod VIII without basipodial setae and with a trapezoidal outer lobe, a female thoracopod VIII with two denticles at the base of two setae, pleopods absent, a sympod of the uropod with an inhomonomous row of spines and an uropod endopod with a spinous distal process and a very large distal spine covered with setules. This is the fifth record of Bathynellacea (family Parabathynellidae) found in caves in Thailand.

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Research Article Mon, 10 Oct 2022 10:26:13 +0300
Laterality in cavefish: Left or right foraging behavior in Astyanax mexicanus https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/86565/ Subterranean Biology 44: 123-138

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.44.86565

Authors: Luis Espinasa, Ruth Diamant, Marylena Mesquita, Julianna M. Lindquist, Adrianna M. Powers, James Helmreich

Abstract: The evolution of foraging behaviors is key to colonizing challenging habitats such as a cave’s dark environment. Vibration attraction behavior (VAB) gives fish the ability to swim in the darkness toward a vibration stimulus produced by many prey crustaceans and insects. VAB evolved in the blind Mexican cave tetra, Astyanax mexicanus. VAB is regulated by an increased number of mechanosensory neuromasts, particularly in the eye orbital region. However, VAB in Astyanax is only correlated with the number of neuromasts on the left side. Astyanax also have a bent skull preferentially to the left and a QTL signal for the right-side number of neuromasts. We conducted field studies in five different cave populations for four years. Results support that all cave populations can express behavioral lateralization or preponderance of side to examine a vibrating object. The percentage of individuals favoring one side may change among pools and years. In one cave population (Pachón), for one year, this “handedness” was expressed by preferentially using the right side of their face. On the contrary, in most years and pools, Tinaja, Sabinos, Molino, and Toro cave populations explored preferentially using their left side. This suggests that if there is an adaptative effect, it selects for asymmetry on itself, and not necessarily for which side is the one to be specialized. Results also showed that the laterality varied depending on how responsive an individual fish was, perhaps due to its nutritional, motivational state, or mode of stimuli most relevant at the time for the fish.

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Research Article Tue, 13 Sep 2022 10:54:23 +0300
Postembryonic development of the troglobitic planthopper species Valenciolenda fadaforesta Hoch & Sendra, 2021 (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Kinnaridae), with a key to nymphal instars https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/85604/ Subterranean Biology 44: 51-68

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.44.85604

Authors: Alejandro Ortega-Gómez, Jesús Selfa, Alberto Sendra, Hannelore Hoch

Abstract: All nymphal instars of the recently discovered troglobitic planthopper species Valenciolenda fadaforesta Hoch & Sendra, 2021 are described. This represents the first documentation of the complete postembryonic development of any species in the family Kinnaridae. Characters of the external morphology are described and illustrated, and a key to the instars are provided to facilitate discrimination among the different nymphal stages. While V. fadaforesta nymphs share certain synapomorphies with other Fulgoromorpha (except the Tettigometridae), e.g., the cog-wheel structures of the metatrochanters, other characters may be correlated with the subterranean way of life of the species, and thus be autapomorphic, such as the absence of compound eyes in all instars.

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Research Article Thu, 1 Sep 2022 21:31:59 +0300
First biological data, associated fauna, and microclimate preferences of the enigmatic cave-dwelling beetle Dalyat mirabilis Mateu, 2002 (Coleoptera, Carabidae) https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/87205/ Subterranean Biology 44: 103-121

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.44.87205

Authors: Jaime Mayoral, Pablo Barranco, Angel Fernandez-Cortes

Abstract: Dalyat mirabilis is an extraordinary troglobite carabid described in 2002 from the cave Simarrón II in the southeast of the Iberian Peninsula (Spain). A new subfamily Dalyatinae was erected to accommodate this species with remarkable morphological characters and adaptations to live underground. In addition to the former original descriptions, there is only one more study and it aimed to elucidate its evolutionary history. Its closest living relative belongs to the genus Promecognathus in North America and both groups seem to have diverged sometime in the late Jurassic to early Cretaceous. In this work, the phenology of D. mirabilis, its associated invertebrate fauna and the environmental conditions of the cave Simarrón II were studied for a full year cycle. This carabid is not evenly distributed in the cave, in time or space. It is most abundant during the winter months, wet season, and it disappears from the top layer of the substrate in the summer. A positive correlation was found between the number of carabids captured per trap and the distance to the entrance of the cave; most specimens were captured in traps farthest from the entrance and located in the chamber known as Vias Salas Negras. Furthermore, several spatially-resolved analyses integrating relative humidity, temperature, and the number of captures per trap showed that D. mirabilis prefers Vias Salas Negras for having a higher and more stable relative humidity than other chambers in the cave. Larvae were never captured, regardless of intense efforts to collect them for years. Finally, 30 other invertebrate species belonging to 12 different Orders were captured in the cave and are listed here, 25.8% are troglobites, 29.0% troglophiles and 45.2% troglexenes. The data from this study was used for an initiative to protect this cave and its remarkable fauna. Some of the measures taken by the Administration include the control of human visits to the cave, the installation of a perimetral fence surrounding the entrance, and the installation of an informative panel at the exterior of the cave describing the endemic entomological fauna it contains.

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Research Article Thu, 1 Sep 2022 16:55:30 +0300
Behavioral observations of the olm (Proteus anguinus) in a karst spring via direct observations and camera trapping https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/87295/ Subterranean Biology 44: 69-83

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.44.87295

Authors: Ester Premate, Žiga Fišer, Žan Kuralt, Anja Pekolj, Tjaša Trajbarič, Eva Milavc, Živa Hanc, Rok Kostanjšek

Abstract: The olm (Proteus anguinus), an endemic amphibian of the Dinarides’ underground waters (Europe), is one of the world’s most widely known subterranean species. Although various aspects of olm biology have been extensively studied, the data on their behavior in the wild remain scarce mostly due to inaccessibility of their natural habitat. Yet, olms also occur in several karstic springs during nighttime. These are easier to access and present an exciting opportunity to study olm behavior in nature. Here, we report on systematic observations of olms in one such spring in Slovenia, where we observed them for nine consecutive summer nights, coupling direct on-site observations with IR camera trap recordings. We used IR camera trap recordings to construct simple ethograms, as well as to quantify olm movement activity by video-tracking. Olms regularly occurred on the surface during the night, and dawn appeared to be a key stimulus for their retreat underground. They were constantly active, but rarely swam far from the spring. Despite the short-term nature of the study, we collected new occurrence and movement data, and at the same time tested the usability of IR cameras for surveying olm presence and behavior in nature. Experience gained through the study may prompt long-term and more complex behavioral studies using similar approaches.

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Research Article Thu, 1 Sep 2022 14:11:34 +0300
A new species of Allobathynella (Crustacea, Bathynellacea, Parabathynellidae) from the hyporheic zone of the Hangang River, South Korea https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/85517/ Subterranean Biology 44: 85-101

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.44.85517

Authors: Su-Jung Ji, Gi-Sik Min

Abstract: Bathynellacea including the parabathynellid genus Allobathynella Morimoto & Miura, 1957 is commonly found across the subterranean environment. The genus Allobathynella is the most species-rich genus known in Korea, and it now contains 23 species and one subspecies from South Korea and Japan. In this paper, we described a new species of Allobathynella from Danyang, South Korea. Allobathynella danyangensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from its congeners by the presence of five simple setae on the antennule, seven spines on the maxillule and 3-5-10-6 setal formula of the maxilla. We describe the new species with molecular diagnosis based on the mitochondrial c oxidase subunit 1, the mitochondrial 16S rDNA, and the nuclear 18S rDNA gene sequences and morphological study.

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Research Article Thu, 1 Sep 2022 05:43:29 +0300
Two new species add to the diversity of Eoniphargus in subterranean waters of Japan, with molecular phylogeny of the family Mesogammaridae (Crustacea, Amphipoda) https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/86914/ Subterranean Biology 44: 21-50

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.44.86914

Authors: Aki Shintani, Chi-Woo Lee, Ko Tomikawa

Abstract: Amphipod crustaceans are a major group of invertebrates that predominantly occur in groundwater ecosystems. Eoniphargus is a mesogammarid genus with only two known species from the groundwater systems of the Japanese archipelago and Korean Peninsula. However, there is a dearth of taxonomic studies on this genus, and the species diversity within Eoniphargus is unclear. Here, we describe two new species, E. iwataorum sp. nov. and E. toriii sp. nov., collected from the interstitial waters in Tochigi and Shizuoka Prefectures in the Japanese archipelago. These two new species are distinguished from their congeners by the following features: head, urosomite 3, first and second antennae, mandibles, and maxilla 1. Eoniphargus kojimai is redescribed here based on material collected near the type locality. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on the nuclear 28S rRNA and mitochondrial COI genes revealed that E. kojimai is sister to E. iwataorum sp. nov. In this study, we also briefly discuss the phylogenetic relationships of Mesogammaridae based on the molecular phylogenetic analyses.

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Research Article Mon, 15 Aug 2022 21:31:27 +0300
Benthic species assemblages change through a freshwater cavern-type cenote in the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/77980/ Subterranean Biology 44: 1-20

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.44.77980

Authors: Dorottya Angyal, Sergio Cohuo, José Manuel Castro-Pérez, Maite Mascaró, Carlos Rosas

Abstract: We studied benthic assemblages through X-Batún, a continental freshwater cenote and its associated submerged cave located in San Antonio Mulix (Yucatán, Mexico). Using cave diving techniques, we collected sediment samples at four zones of the system. We extracted and counted individuals of benthic species in three replicates of 5 grams of wet sediment at each site. The biological composition was integrated by 15 species from eight higher taxonomic groups. Non-metric multidimensional scaling distinguished four assemblages that coincided with surface, open water, cavern and cave zones. ANOSIM test revealed significant differences between the assemblages. In the deeper zones of the cenote characterized by twilight and total darkness, Ostracoda and Gastropoda show the highest diversity and abundance, with practical absence in surface sediments. This pattern may suggest ecological interactions with chemosynthetic bacterial activity. Surface shows an assemblage typical of epigean environments. Environmental variables along the cenote varied little from the upper layers to bottom. Linear correlation and detrended canonical analysis revealed that light is the main driver of benthic species assemblages. Temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen exert higher influence at individual biological benthic assemblage in X-Batún.

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Research Article Thu, 11 Aug 2022 08:57:32 +0300
Life history observations of the Illinois state endangered Enigmatic Cavesnail, Fontigens antroecetes (Hubricht, 1940) made under simulated cave conditions https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/87277/ Subterranean Biology 43: 185-198

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.43.87277

Authors: Robert G. Weck

Abstract: The Enigmatic Cavesnail, Fontigens antroecetes (Hubricht, 1940), is a cave adapted hydrobioid snail listed as state endangered in Illinois. It is known from only one cave in Illinois, Stemler Cave, and from several caves in the eastern Ozark ecoregion of Missouri. Little is known about the snail’s reproductive habits, embryological development, or growth rates. I attempted to gain basic life history information by breeding Enigmatic Cavesnails under simulated cave conditions in the laboratory. Six adult snails were collected from Stemler Cave and held in aerated containers of cave water with one or two cobbles from the cave stream. Containers of snails were housed in incubators set at the average cave water temperature of 13 °C. The snails produced 49 embryos in captivity over the course of 34 weeks. Eggs were deposited singly, attached to the underside of rocks within small pits or crevices. Nearly 82% of embryos developed to hatching. Mean estimated development time of embryos was 70.7 days. Survival of hatchling snails was poor. Limited data available from surviving hatchling snails suggests slow growth rates. The process was replicated with nine Enigmatic Cavesnails collected from Cliff Cave in St. Louis County MO. Captive Cliff Cave snails produced 34 embryos over 46 weeks and varied from the Stemler population in their oviposition behavior, with a majority of eggs deposited on the top surface of rocks. Cliff Cave snail embryos also had longer mean estimated development times (82.17 days).

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Research Article Wed, 3 Aug 2022 15:37:45 +0300
 Coframalaxius bletteryi gen. et sp. nov. from subterranean habitat in Southern France (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Cixiidae, Oecleini) https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/85804/ Subterranean Biology 43: 145-168

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.43.85804

Authors: Maxime Le Cesne, Thierry Bourgoin, Hannelore Hoch, Yang Luo, Yalin Zhang

Abstract: A new planthoppers genus and species of Cixiidae Oecleini, Coframalaxius bletteryi gen. et sp. nov. newly discovered in a cave near Nice in southern France, is described. Molecular analysis confirms the morphology-based classification of Coframalaxius as sister to Trigonocranus within the Oecleni. Several morphological characters are further discussed. A double-grasping coxo-femoral and femoro-tibial system is regarded as apomorphic for the oecline taxa and would allow the nymph to firmly grab the roots and rootlets on which it feeds or use to progress in the soil. Wing vein patterns are discussed in the Cixiidae: 1) for the forewings, Oecleini belong to the trifid type of the anterior MP branch, leading to the reinterpretation of some recently described Neotropical species, 2) for the hindwing, four connection types (U-, V-, Y- and I-types) between MP and CuA are described. Oecleini belongs to I-type with a complete fusion of MP3+4 with CuA1. Although the area where the cave is located is well-studied with respect to its regularly sampled epigean fauna for many years, the taxon is new to science, highlighting its probable completely hypogean life cycle and leading to consider Coframalaxius bletteryi as an eutroglophile species.

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Research Article Fri, 15 Jul 2022 13:41:07 +0300
Divergent evolutionary pathways for aggression and territoriality in Astyanax cavefish https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/79318/ Subterranean Biology 43: 169-183

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.73.79318

Authors: Luis Espinasa, Emily Collins, C. Patricia Ornelas García, Sylvie Rétaux, Nicolas Rohner, Jennifer Rutkowski

Abstract: The surface morph of the Mexican tetra fish (Astyanax mexicanus) exhibits strong territoriality behavior and high levels of aggression. In contrast, the eyeless cave-adapted morph from Sierra de El Abra, México, rarely are aggressive and have totally lost the territorial behavior. These behaviors are part of what has been called the cavefish behavioral syndrome. Here, we report that several Astyanax cave populations of Sierra de Guatemala, unlike those reported for the Sierra de El Abra cave populations, display significant territoriality and aggression when confined into a reduced space. We discuss divergent evolutionary trajectories in terms of agonistic behavior for cavefish populations inhabiting different mountain ranges.

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Research Article Fri, 15 Jul 2022 03:53:31 +0300
Two new troglobitic species of Iansaoniscus from Brazilian caves (Crustacea, Isopoda, Pudeoniscidae) https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/81308/ Subterranean Biology 43: 127-143

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.43.81308

Authors: Giovanna Monticelli Cardoso, Rafaela Bastos-Pereira, Rodrigo Lopes Ferreira

Abstract: Iansaoniscus species are troglobitic terrestrial isopods of the Pudeoniscidae family. In this work two new species are described from caves in the Bahia state, northeastern Brazil; I. leilae sp. nov. from Toca do Gonçalo cave, in the municipality of Campo Formoso; and I. paulae sp. nov. from Lapa do Bode cave in the municipality of Itaeté. Additionally, ecological notes and conservation status are provided for both new species.

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Research Article Tue, 14 Jun 2022 17:27:06 +0300
Three new troglobitic Coarazuphium (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Zuphiini) species from a Brazilian hotspot of cave beetles: exploring how the environmental attributes of caves drive ground-beetle niches https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/73185/ Subterranean Biology 43: 97-126

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.43.73185

Authors: Thais Giovannini Pellegrini, Rodrigo Lopes Ferreira, Robson de Almeida Zampaulo, Letícia Vieira

Abstract: Three new species of troglobitic beetles of the genus Coarazuphium are described from specimens collected in iron ore caves in the Flona de Carajás in Brazil, doubling the number of known species for the Carajás region. The new species of Coarazuphium are morphologically similar to the already described species from the same region and are distributed in a small geographic range. From all Coarazuphium species of the region, including the new ones, two stand out, C. spinifemur and C. xingu sp. nov., which are the smallest Coarazuphium species. Both species have shorter legs and antennae when compared to the others. The main characteristic that differentiates C. xikrin sp. nov. and C. kayapo sp. nov. from the other two species from the Carajás region, C. tapiaguassu and C. amazonicum, is that the new species have more numerous setigerous punctures dorsally on the head. With the three new species added to the six already described congeners, the area of intense mining of the Carajás region includes the highest diversity of obligatory cave-dwelling beetles in Brazil, representing a hotspot of cave beetles. Coarazuphium xikrin sp. nov. and C. amazonicum co-occur in some of the caves of the Carajás region, which is possible due to putative niche differentiation between the species. These findings highlight the importance of maintaining legal provisions that ensure the preservation of caves, especially those most relevant regarding physical and biotic aspects, which is crucial for the conservation of Brazilian subterranean biodiversity.

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Research Article Fri, 10 Jun 2022 08:45:54 +0300
A new subspecies of the genus Duvalius Delarouzée, 1859 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Trechini) from western Serbia, with a key and an annotated catalogue of Serbian Biharotrechus and Duvalius s. str. taxa https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/76049/ Subterranean Biology 43: 73-95

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.43.76049

Authors: Srećko Ćurčić, Nikola Vesović, Miloš Kuraica, Fabrizio Bosco, Nina B. Ćurčić, Maja Vrbica

Abstract: Duvalius semecensis tarensis ssp. nov. from two subterranean sites situated on Mt. Tara (western Serbia) is described, illustrated and compared with its most related congeners. It is provisionally placed in the subgenus Biharotrechus Bokor, 1922. The new subspecies is characterized by a depigmented, medium-sized body, the presence of reduced eyes, deep and complete frontal furrows, two pairs of discal setae in third elytral striae, as well as by the shape of aedeagus. It inhabits caves on Mt. Tara and is endemic of this mountain. Data on the distribution and bionomy of the new subspecies are given. Its closest relative, Duvalius (Biharotrechus) semecensis semecensis Winkler, 1926, is redescribed and we designated its holotype by monotypy. A key for the identification and an annotated catalogue of Serbian Biharotrechus and Duvalius s. str. taxa are also provided.

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Research Article Tue, 31 May 2022 18:37:12 +0300
The identities of two species in the Pterostichus macrogenys species group of subterranean carabid beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) revealed by external morphometric analysis and comparative genital morphology https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/80969/ Subterranean Biology 43: 61-71

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.43.80969

Authors: Kôji Sasakawa, Hirotarô Itô

Abstract: The Pterostichus macrogenys species group is an endemic subterranean Japanese carabid lineage that shows marked regional differentiation, but unresolved taxonomic issues remain, even at the species level. Based on morphological examinations of the genital structures of newly collected specimens and an external morphometric analysis of all the species concerned, P. falcispinus Sasakawa, 2005 syn. nov. is synonymized with P. asahinus Habu & Baba, 1960, and P. awashimaensis sp. nov. is described from Awashima Island, a small island off the coast of Honshu. Based on external morphometrics, P. awashimaensis was determined to be most similar to P. yahikosanus Sasakawa, 2009, but its external and genital features differ distinctly from the latter species and it is thought to be more ancestral.

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Short Communication Tue, 31 May 2022 09:55:31 +0300
A reassessment of the origin and distribution of the subterranean genus Pseudolimnocythere Klie, 1938 (Ostracoda, Loxoconchidae), with description of two new species from Italy https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/82158/ Subterranean Biology 43: 33-60

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.43.82158

Authors: Giampaolo Rossetti, Fabio Stoch, Ilaria Mazzini

Abstract: Groundwater ecosystems host a rich and unique, but still largely unexplored and undescribed, biodiversity. Several lineages of ostracod crustaceans have subterranean representatives or are exclusively living in groundwaters. The stygobitic genus Pseudolimnocythere Klie, 1938 has a West Palearctic distribution, and includes few living and fossil species of marine origin. Through a comprehensive literature review and the description of the two new living species, Pseudolimnocythere abdita sp. nov. and Pseudolimnocythere sofiae sp. nov., from springs in the Northern Apennines, Italy, a morphological analysis was carried out with the aim of comparing the valve morphology of living and fossil species, and to discuss previous hypotheses about time and mode of colonization of inland waters. Pseudolimnocythere species show a low variability in valve morphology, with a remarkable stasis over geological times. The distribution of extant and fossil species is consistent with a scenario of multiple and independent events of colonization of continental habitats linked to sea level variations starting from Middle Miocene in the Paratethys and, later, in the Mediterranean. The most common colonization routes of inland waters have taken place through karst formations along ancient coastlines, although we cannot exclude some minor active migration through the hyporheic zone of streams. Available distribution data suggest a poor dispersal ability of Pseudolimnocythere species after they had colonized continental waters.

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Research Article Wed, 25 May 2022 10:01:20 +0300
Rediscovery and phylogenetic analysis of the Shelta Cave Crayfish (Orconectes sheltae Cooper & Cooper, 1997), a decapod (Decapoda, Cambaridae) endemic to Shelta Cave in northern Alabama, USA https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/79993/ Subterranean Biology 43: 11-31

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.43.79993

Authors: Katherine E. Dooley, K. Denise Kendall Niemiller, Nathaniel Sturm, Matthew L. Niemiller

Abstract: The Shelta Cave Crayfish (Orconectes sheltae) is a small, cave-obligate member of the genus Orconectes (family Cambaridae) endemic to a single cave system—Shelta Cave—in northwest Huntsville, Madison Co., Alabama, USA. Although never abundant, this stygobiont was regularly observed in the 1960s and early 1970s before the population and aquatic community in general at Shelta Cave collapsed likely in response to groundwater contamination and the loss of energetic inputs from a Grey Bat (Myotis grisescens) maternity colony that abandoned the cave after installation of a poorly designed cave gate. We conducted 20 visual surveys of aquatic habitats at Shelta Cave between October 2018 and July 2021. Although the aquatic community has not recovered, we did confirm the continued existence of O. sheltae, which had not been observed in 31 years, with observations of an adult female on 31 May 2019 and an adult male on 28 August 2020. We conducted the first phylogenetic analyses of O. sheltae and discovered that the species is most closely related to other geographically proximate stygobiotic crayfishes in the genus Cambarus in northern Alabama than members of the genus Orconectes. We advocate for recognition of this species as Cambarus sheltae to more accurately reflect evolutionary relationships of this single-cave endemic and offer recommendations for its management, conservation, and future research, as this species remains at high risk of extinction.

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Research Article Fri, 20 May 2022 10:58:24 +0300
Description of the world’s first troglobitic Pselaphini: Geopselaphus bullonorum sp. nov. from southern Spain (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Pselaphinae) https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/83592/ Subterranean Biology 43: 1-10

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.43.83592

Authors: Carles Hernando, Agustín Castro

Abstract: A new Pselaphinae rove beetle species belonging to the genus Geopselaphus Jeannel, 1956, G. bullonorum sp. nov., from a cave in south Spain is described and diagnosed. Important morphological features of the new species are listed and photographed. The new species shows a significant troglomorphy, such as the reduction of the eyes (only three unpigmented ommatidia) and an extraordinary general elongation of the body (especially the head) and appendages (antennae, maxillary palps and legs). Being the first troglomorphic Pselaphini known worldwide.

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Research Article Mon, 18 Apr 2022 09:32:00 +0300
Eupera troglobia sp. nov.: the first troglobitic bivalve from the Americas (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Sphaeriidae) https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/78074/ Subterranean Biology 42: 165-184

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.42.78074

Authors: Luiz Ricardo L. Simone, Rodrigo Lopes Ferreira

Abstract: Eupera troglobia sp. nov. is the first fully described troglobitic bivalve discovered in the Americas, and possibly the second in the world. The troglobitic designation is based on the lack of pigmentation, reduction in size and shell thickness, and large and few offspring. Unlike its relatives that live in the roots of the water hyacinth, this new species is attached to the walls of the caves with a byssus. The anatomical study shows some peculiarities in comparison with the congeners, especially the simplicity of the foot, the siphons and the gut. This discovery is a new contribution to the efforts for the conservation of subterranean habitats in Brazil.

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Research Article Wed, 13 Apr 2022 17:22:17 +0300
Seasonal abundance and spatio-temporal distribution of the troglophylic harvestman Ischyropsalis ravasinii (Arachnida, Opiliones, Ischyropsalididae) in the Buso del Valon ice cave, Eastern Italian Prealps https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/81486/ Subterranean Biology 42: 151-164

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.42.81486

Authors: Ivan Petri, Francesco Ballarin, Leonardo Latella

Abstract: We explore the population of the troglophilic harvestman Ischyropsalis ravasinii inhabiting the Buso del Valon ice cave located in the Italian Prealps. Spatial and temporal distributions of the specimens are investigated in relation to the variation of environmental abiotic conditions in the cave, such as the seasonal temperature and substrate surface typology. Our results show that I. ravasinii is distributed unevenly in the cave, most of individuals being present in the scree-covered section of the cave with superficial activities limited to the warm seasons only. In addition, our data suggests that the presence of a thick layer of rocky debris, together with high humidity and cold temperatures, are important limiting factors for the species. Seven additional species of harvestman are recorded in the cave, including the congeneric troglophilic species Ischyropsalis strandi. This is the first known record of these two troglophilic Ischyropsalis species coexisting within the same cave. An updated map of the distribution of I. ravasinii and I. strandi in the Italian Prealps is provided.

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Research Article Fri, 8 Apr 2022 18:51:11 +0300
A new species of Chaimowiczia from the karstic Serra do Ramalho plateau, Brazil (Oniscidea, Synocheta, Styloniscidae) https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/80274/ Subterranean Biology 42: 139-149

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.42.80274

Authors: Giovanna Monticelli Cardoso, Rafaela Bastos-Pereira, Rodrigo Lopes Ferreira

Abstract: Chaimowiczia belongs to the subfamily Iuiuniscinae, family Styloniscidae, and is currently composed of two troglobitic species: C. tatus and C. uai, both occurring in Brazil. A new species of Styloniscidae found in Brazil (Bahia state, Serra do Ramalho, Serra Verde cave) was allocated into this genus by the antenna flagellum with three articles; rectangular-shaped lateral pereonites epimera not apically acute and apex of pleopod 2 endopod with an acute tip and an acute or rounded lobe directed outwards. The new species, C. obybytyra sp. nov., is here described and rises to 25 the number of troglobitic styloniscidean species known for Brazilian caves.

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Research Article Tue, 29 Mar 2022 12:48:23 +0300
Selachochthonius naledi sp. nov. (Pseudoscorpiones, Pseudotyrannochthoniidae), a new troglobitic species from South Africa https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/79190/ Subterranean Biology 42: 125-138

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.42.79190

Authors: Guilherme C. Prado, Gerhard C. Du Preez, Rodrigo L. Ferreira

Abstract: A new pseudoscorpion species, Selachochthonius naledi sp. nov., is herein described. It can be distinguished from the other species of the genus mainly by the absence of eyes, number and morphology of chelal teeth and coxae setae and by the appendices proportions. This new species represents the fourth record for the genus in South Africa. We also provide some ecological remarks of the new species and recommendations for future research.

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Research Article Fri, 18 Mar 2022 10:02:15 +0200
A new obligate groundwater species of Asellus (Isopoda, Asellidae) from Iran https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/79447/ Subterranean Biology 42: 97-124

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.42.79447

Authors: Mohammad Javad Malek-Hosseini, Jure Jugovic, Yaser Fatemi, Matjaž Kuntner, Rok Kostanjšek, Christophe J. Douady, Florian Malard

Abstract: With only 43 described stygobionts and only two isopod species the obligate groundwater fauna of Iran, a vast country with over 10% of limestone surface, is inadequately known. Here, we report the discovery of Asellus ismailsezarii sp. nov. from Zagros mountains, the first eyeless and depigmented asellid isopod from Iran. The new species is morphologically similar to Asellus monticola Birstein, 1932, but it is eyeless and fully depigmented, has a slightly curved pereopod IV and does not bear any setae on proximal margins of exopodite of pleopods IV and V. Species phylogenetic relationships using original and datamined mitochondrial DNA and nuclear rDNA, and estimation of molecular divergences with other Asellus species, suggest that A. ismailsezarii sp. nov. is sister to a larger clade that also contains the European A. aquaticus species complex. Surface populations of Asellus have colonized groundwater at multiple occasions and localities, both in Europe and Asia, giving rise to species and subspecies that have evolved troglomorphisms, such as depigmentation and loss of eyes. Of the 37 formally described species and subspecies of Asellus, 15 are from groundwater, including A. ismailsezarii sp. nov. We predict that many more obligate groundwater Asellus taxa are yet to be discovered in Asia.

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Research Article Fri, 11 Mar 2022 16:12:22 +0200
Bat fauna and conservation assessment of Kurdistan caves, Iran https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/73282/ Subterranean Biology 42: 79-95

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.42.73282

Authors: Vahid Akmali, Siavash Abedini, Zahra Malekpour Fard

Abstract: The populations of cave-dwelling bat species are encountering a remarkable decline all over the world. To plan effective conservation projects for bats and their cave roosts, collecting data on their distribution in a particular region is essential. Furthermore, developing an applicable index that incorporates both biotic and abiotic parameters relevant to caves is useful to prioritize caves for conservation management. Recently, there has been a growing interest in studying bat fauna of Iran. The Kurdistan province in west of the country is entirely mountainous, having a suitable geological substratum for formation of caves. Previously, five bat species were reported from Kurdistan. The current study has improved the data by doubling the number of cave-dwelling bat species of the province. A total number of 61 records of 10 species were documented. Overall, of 28 caves studied, 26 caves were used by bats. Each cave hosted one to six bat species. To prioritize Kurdistan caves for conservation programs, the Bat Cave Vulnerability Index (BCVI) was employed for 26 caves explored in this study. Four caves, including Karaftu, Kamtaran, Darvish Ouliya, and Kouna Sham-Sham, were highlighted due to their highest BCVI value. The other 22 caves received medium or low priority values. In the current study, we provided data on the bat fauna of Kurdistan caves, in addition to evaluate their conservation priorities by applying an assessing index for the first time in the country.

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Research Article Fri, 18 Feb 2022 09:36:08 +0200
Comparative phylogeography of two troglobitic Coleoptera (Leiodidae, Leptodirini) species from Romania based on mitochondrial DNA https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/73524/ Subterranean Biology 42: 61-78

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.42.73524

Authors: Ruxandra Năstase-Bucur, Giuliana Allegrucci, Valerio Ketmaier, Ionuţ Cornel Mirea, Oana Teodora Moldovan

Abstract: About 50 species of cave-obligate Leptodirini (Leiodidae) beetles have been described so far in Romania, most of them populating caves in the Apuseni Mountains (north-western Romania) and the Southern Carpathians. In this contribution, we present the first molecular phylogeographic study of the two troglobiotic Pholeuon species from the Apuseni Mountains. The two species are Pholeuon (s.str.) leptodirum and Pholeuon (Parapholeuon) gracile, endemic to Bihorului Mountains and Pădurea Craiului Mountains, respectively. To examine the genetic divergence within and between the two species we sequenced 571 bp of the mitochondrial COI gene in a total of 145 specimens, 56 specimens of the first species (collected in five caves) and 89 of the second species (collected in eight caves) across their geographic ranges. We found very low genetic variation, four haplotypes in P. leptodirum and seven haplotypes in P. gracile, and a maximum of 0.7% and 0.9% intraspecific divergence, respectively. However, a significant genetic divergence of 6.55% was found between species. The results are consistent with previous definitions of the two species based on morphological characters, while caution should be taken in considering attributions to different subspecies. Our research contributes to the phylogeographic information of troglobitic beetles, providing a solid basis for future comparison with other terrestrial or aquatic cave adapted species.

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Research Article Tue, 8 Feb 2022 13:57:56 +0200
Transitional and small aquatic cave habitats diversification based on protist assemblages in the Veternica cave (Medvednica Mt., Croatia) https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/78037/ Subterranean Biology 42: 43-60

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.42.78037

Authors: Najla Baković, Renata Matoničkin Kepčija, Ferry J. Siemensma

Abstract: Protists in caves are scarcely researched. Most cave studies address the diversity of protists, but very little is known about their habitats and spatio-temporal dynamics. The aim of this study was to investigate the diversity and abundance of protists in the Veternica cave in the Medvednica mountain in Croatia on hygropetric and sinter and clay pools during six months. During this study, 47 protists taxa were distinguished belonging to the groups of heterotrophic flagellates, ciliates, heliozoans, stramenopiles and testate and naked amoebae. The highest taxon richness was found at the sinter pool site richest in bats guano (36 taxa). Most diverse were testate amoebae and ciliates. The number of taxa and their abundance differed significantly between the sampling sites. The prospected habitats supported different protist assemblages, proved by ordination analysis. The most distinctive habitat was the hygropetric. Habitat heterogeneity could be attributed to the presence of inorganic and organic sediments at the sites and habitat microhydrology (lotic or lentic system). Kendall’s concordance coefficient showed a good synchronicity between the habitats in the Veternica cave, based on taxon richness and abundance of protists indicating similar seasonal trends. Seasonality in the studied habitats is attributed to the hydro-meteorological conditions in the Veternica cave drainage area. This study is one of the few studies of spatio-temporal diversity and abundance of protists in caves. Despite the similar appearance of small transitional and aquatic habitats in caves, an example of this study showed specific habitat diversification.

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Research Article Tue, 25 Jan 2022 18:11:35 +0200
Observations on the habitat and feeding behaviour of the hypogean genus Eukoenenia (Palpigradi, Eukoeneniidae) in the Western Italian Alps https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/75784/ Subterranean Biology 42: 23-41

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.42.75784

Authors: Valentina Balestra, Enrico Lana, Stefano Vanin

Abstract: The order Palpigradi includes species characterized by millimetric size and a characteristic flagellum with bristles at the end of the opisthosoma. They represent one of the less well-known and obscure arachnid orders. In this paper, observations were made on the ecology and feeding behavior of species belonging to the genus Eukoenenia Börner, 1901, from the Western Italian Alps. Direct observations and photographic documentation of 141 individuals in their cave habitat, allowed the recording of data on the physical and trophic conditions such as the presence/absence of trophic resources, temperature and relative humidity, of the underground environment in which they were found. Results showed that the species of this taxon are not as rare as previously reported and that their presence is mainly influenced by temperature, relative humidity, trophic resources and the presence of two speleothems: rimstone dams and rafts. The combination of our observations as well as data previously published highlights that the taxon can have predatory and saprophagous feeding behavior depending on the availability of the food resources. This work represents the starting point for a further investigation of the taxon.

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Research Article Tue, 18 Jan 2022 13:48:22 +0200
Unique and fragile diversity emerges from Brazilian caves – two new amphibious species of Xangoniscus Campos-Filho, Araujo & Taiti, 2014 (Oniscidea, Styloniscidae) from Serra do Ramalho karst area, state of Bahia, Brazil https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/75725/ Subterranean Biology 42: 1-22

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.42.75725

Authors: Ivanklin S. Campos-Filho, Jéssica S. Gallo, Jonas E. Gallão, Dayana F. Torres, Lília Horta, Yesenia M. Carpio-Díaz, Carlos M. López-Orozco, Ricardo Borja-Arrieta, José O. Aguiar, Maria E. Bichuette

Abstract: Two new troglobitic species of Xangoniscus are described from two caves of Serra do Ramalho karst area, Bambuí geomorphological group, state of Bahia. Xangoniscus lapaensis sp. nov. is described from Gruna Boca da Lapa cave, and X. loboi sp. nov. from Gruna da Pingueira II cave. Both species are blind and depigmented and show amphibious habits, as observed for all species of Xangoniscus described until now. Xangoniscus lapaensis sp. nov. occurs in travertine pools fed by water of the upper aquifer, and X. loboi sp. nov. occurs in a small stream, an upper vadose tributary. Both species occur in fragile microhabitats. Ecological and behavioral data, conservation remarks, and IUCN conservation assessments are included to provide background data for conservation efforts in this unique karst area.

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Research Article Mon, 10 Jan 2022 11:12:50 +0200
An annotated checklist of groundwater Cyclopoida and Harpacticoida (Crustacea, Copepoda) from Romania with notes on their distribution and ecology https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/72542/ Subterranean Biology 41: 87-108

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.41.72542

Authors: Sanda Iepure, Carmen-Andreea Bădăluţă, Oana Teodora Moldovan

Abstract: Romania, by its position in East-Central Europe has a complex geological history, high landscape heterogeneity and variable climatic conditions, ranging from temperate-continental in the northeast to sub-Mediterranean in the southwest. These conditions have created repeated waves of colonisation of groundwater by copepods, which raise particular interest in this group from a biogeographical perspective. The earliest investigations on groundwater copepods, dating back to the beginning of the 19th century, have resulted in a wealth of information on the richness of this group, making Romania one of the best studied regions from this perspective in Europe. Groundwater copepods in Romania are currently represented by 107 species and subspecies, of which 60 are harpacticoids (56%) and 47 are cyclopoids (43.9%). Of these, 50.5% are strict stygobites (32.7% harpacticoids and 17.7% cyclopoids). Among stygobite copepods 29 species (35 harpacticoids and 19 cyclopoids) are endemic to the country. Almost 86% of the species are single-site endemics (single cave, or single hyporheic or phreatic site) and the rest are restricted in distribution to a single aquifer or hydrographic basin. The aim of the present checklist represents a significant contribution to the knowledge of groundwater copepods in Romania and provides a sound baseline for future comparative faunal studies focused on the affinities and origins of copepods and the analysis of their biogeographical distribution patterns at regional and continental scales.

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Checklist Thu, 23 Dec 2021 20:56:26 +0200
A new species of Leonhardia Reitter, 1901 (Coleoptera, Leiodidae, Leptodirini) from Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a key to species of the genus https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/75613/ Subterranean Biology 41: 69-85

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.41.75613

Authors: Srećko Ćurčić, Nikola Vesović, Maja Vrbica, Slađana Popović, Željko Radovanović, Nina B. Ćurčić, Tonći Rađa

Abstract: A new leptodirine leiodid beetle species belonging to the genus Leonhardia Reitter, 1901, L. solaki sp. nov., from a pit in Bosnia and Herzegovina (western Balkan Peninsula) is described and diagnosed. Important morphological features of the new species are listed and photographed. The new species is endemic to the Dinarides of Bosnia and Herzegovina. A key for identification of species and subspecies of the genus Leonhardia is also provided.

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Research Article Fri, 10 Dec 2021 16:38:48 +0200
Four new species of the genus Ochyrocera (Araneae, Ochyroceratidae) from iron caves of the state of Minas Gerais, with the description of the third anophtalmic species from Brazil https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/72895/ Subterranean Biology 41: 43-68

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.41.72895

Authors: Antonio Domingos Brescovit, Robson de Almeida Zampaulo, Leandro Mota Pedroso, Igor Cizauskas

Abstract: Four new species of the spider genus Ochyrocera Fage, 1912 are described from iron caves in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Here we present the third anophtalmic and depigmented species of the genus, O. dorinha sp. nov., and three other depigmented species: O. monica sp. nov., O. magali sp. nov. and O. rosinha sp. nov. Only O. dorinha sp. nov. and O. rosinha sp. nov. are considered as troglobites due the ocular reduction or anophthalmia and elongated appendages, two troglomorphic features absent in the other species described.

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Research Article Fri, 10 Dec 2021 16:38:40 +0200
Four new species of troglomorphic Coecobrya Yosii, 1956 (Collembola, Entomobryidae) from Thailand based on morphological and molecular evidence, with an updated key of Thai troglomorphic species https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/76926/ Subterranean Biology 41: 1-42

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.41.76926

Authors: Areeruk Nilsai, Matsapume Detcharoen, Nerivania Nunes Godeiro, Sopark Jantarit

Abstract: Four new species of troglomorphic Coecobrya Yosii, 1956 are described from caves located in the central and northeastern regions of Thailand. Coecobrya whitteni sp. nov. and C. troglobia sp. nov. are from Khon Kaen province, C. ellisi sp. nov. is from Phetchabun province and C. phitsanulokensis sp. nov. is from Phitsanulok province. They all exhibit remarkable troglobitic characters i.e. elongated antennae, legs and furca, slender claw complex and large body size. Coecobrya whitteni sp. nov. is similar to C. troglobia sp. nov. and they were found a distance of only 3.4 km from each other. However, they are mainly different in the number of An mac on dorsal head and number of chaetae of Th. II. Likewise, C. ellisi sp. nov. is similar to C. phitsanulokensis sp. nov.. However, they differ in the number of An mac on the dorsal head, the number of central mac on Abd. II, central mac on Abd. IV, lateral mac on Abd. IV and the number of inner teeth of the claw. Moreover, C. ellisi sp. nov. has orange pigment dots on the body, a unique character, considering that all other troglomorphic Coecobrya species in Thailand are devoid of pigmentation. The results of the molecular approach based on two partial mitochondrial markers (COI and 16S rDNA) and a nuclear gene fragment (28S rDNA) supported the results of morphological species discrimination in separating the four nominal populations as valid species. An updated dichotomous key of Thai troglomorphic Coecobrya species is also given.

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Research Article Fri, 10 Dec 2021 16:38:07 +0200
Distribution of Stenasellidae in Africa and description of a new species of Metastenasellus from Cameroonian groundwaters https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/76301/ Subterranean Biology 40: 175-194

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.40.76301

Authors: Pountougnigni Oumarou Farikou, Piscart Christophe, Sob Nangou Paul Bertrand, Zebaze Togouet Serge Hubert

Abstract: During recent investigations of the groundwater fauna of Cameroon, specimens of a new species of the stygobitic genus Metastenasellus, M. boutini sp. nov. were collected in wells of the city of Douala. The new species can be easily distinguished from the other species of the genus by its relatively large size (up to 11 mm), pleonite 1 and 2 half the length of pereonite 7, the shape of pleopod 2 in males (presence of an external lobe on the protopodite, distal part of the spermatic duct slightly protruding out of the second article, lack of a distal seta on the exopodite), and uropod half the length of the pleotelson. Ecological data and a key to Metastenasellus species are provided. We also performed an exhaustive analysis of the literature on Stenasellidae in Africa to study the geographical distribution of the family in this continent and discuss some hypotheses about the origin of African species.

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Research Article Fri, 3 Dec 2021 13:57:21 +0200
Three new species of cave Troglopedetes (Collembola, Paronellidae, Troglopedetinae) from Thailand, with a key to the Thai species https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/73143/ Subterranean Biology 40: 129-174

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.40.73143

Authors: Katthaleeya Surakhamhaeng, Louis Deharveng, Sopark Jantarit

Abstract: Thailand is today the richest country for the genus Troglopedetes Joseph, 1872, with 17 species described from the country. In this study three troglomorphic new species are described from caves in the western region. They are T. spectabilis sp. nov. and T. rungsimae sp. nov. from Kanchanaburi province and T. takensis sp. nov., from Tak province. The three new species share elongated antennae and have the same number of central mac on Th. III and Abd. IV. However, they differ from one another by the combination of: presence of eyes, antennal length, claw morphology, central head macrochaetotaxy and internal row of dental spines. Troglopedetes spectabilis sp. nov. is remarkably different from its congeners by its extreme long appendages, especially the antennae (ratio antenna: head = 5.5). In the second part of the paper the arrangment of antennal chaetotaxy and the diversity of its phaneres is analyzed in the three new species, homologized and compared with those of two other species described from Thailand (T. meridionalis and T. kae). A total of 22 types of chaetae have now been recognized among the species. A new type of S-chaetae for the genus was discovered in this study. There are 5 types of ordinary chaetae, 15 types of S-chaetae, the subapical organite of Ant. IV and scales. A total of 1,107 to 2,183 antennal chaetae on each side were observed, which includes 308–485 S-chaetae, 687–1,402 ordinary chaetae, 72–295 scales and a subapical organite.

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Research Article Tue, 23 Nov 2021 12:04:31 +0200
The first troglobitic Pseudochthonius Balzan, 1892 (Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae) from the karst area of Serra do Ramalho, Brazil: a threatened species https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/77451/ Subterranean Biology 40: 109-128

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.40.77451

Authors: Leonardo de Assis, Diego Monteiro von Schimonsky, Maria Elina Bichuette

Abstract: Pseudochthonius ramalho sp. nov. is described to Gruna do Vandercir cave, in the Serra do Ramalho karst area, southwestern Bahia, Brazil. This area has an extensive limestone outcrop, with several caves, and the occurrence of potential minerals that are financially attractive for mining projects. The new species shows troglomorphic characteristics such as the depigmentation of the carapace and absence or reduction of eyes. It is a rare troglobitic species, and following the criteria of IUCN, we categorized the species as Critically Endangered – CR, IUCN criteria B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii). According to Brazilian legislation, locations, where critically endangered species live, can be protected by law, and we consider this cave/region to be of maximal relevance for protection.

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Research Article Tue, 23 Nov 2021 11:50:33 +0200
New troglobitic species of Niambia from Botswana and Namibia (Crustacea, Isopoda, Oniscidea) https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/72499/ Subterranean Biology 40: 91-108

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.40.72499

Authors: Giovanna Monticelli Cardoso, Gerhard Du Preez, Stefano Taiti, Rodrigo L. Ferreira

Abstract: Three new species in the genus Niambia are described from southern African caves: N. botswanaensis sp. nov. from Diviner’s Cave (Botswana), N. ghaubensis sp. nov. from Ghaub Cave and N. namibiaensis sp. nov. from Märchen Cave (Namibia). All these species show troglomorphic traits such as absence of body pigmentation and eyes. These are the first troglobitic species recorded in the genus. Most of the other species of Niambia are epigean and occur in semi-arid environments in the Afrotropical Region.

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Research Article Fri, 19 Nov 2021 14:17:36 +0200
Rediscovery and redescription of Niphargus enslini Karaman, 1932 (Amphipoda, Niphargidae) in southern Germany https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/73017/ Subterranean Biology 40: 65-89

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.40.73017

Authors: Dieter Weber, Traian Brad, Fabio Stoch, Jean-François Flot

Abstract: Niphargus enslini Karaman, 1932 was collected only once in 1905 from the Falkensteiner Höhle (Baden-Württemberg, Germany). Two years after its description, the species was synonymized with Niphargus virei and not studied any more. During recent surveys on German niphargids, further samples collected in this cave did not yield N. enslini specimens, but this species was collected in the Blätterteighöhle and in the Schwarzer Brunnen, two caves located in Baden-Württemberg and intercepting the same karstic aquifer feeding Falkensteiner Höhle. In an integrative taxonomic approach, we carefully studied the morphology of the newly collected specimens and sequenced two molecular markers (fragments of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and of the nuclear 28S rRNA gene) to test for possible conspecificity of N. enslini with N. virei. Morphological analysis confirmed that N. enslini is distinct from the N. virei species complex. We provide a redescription of newly collected material, together with new drawings of a more than 100 years old topotypic female. We briefly discuss the putative origin of N. enslini and the age of its split from the N. virei species complex.

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Research Article Thu, 21 Oct 2021 11:50:29 +0300
Don’t forget the vertical dimension: assessment of distributional dynamics of cave-dwelling invertebrates in both ground and parietal microhabitats https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/71805/ Subterranean Biology 40: 43-63

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.40.71805

Authors: Valentina Balestra, Enrico Lana, Cristina Carbone, Jo De Waele, Raoul Manenti, Loris Galli

Abstract: Biological studies on factors shaping underground communities are poor, especially those considering simultaneously organisms with different degrees of adaptation to cave life. In this study, we assessed the annual dynamics and use of both horizontal and vertical microhabitats of a whole community with the aim of understanding whether cave-dwelling organisms have a similar distribution among vertical and ground-level microhabitats and to find out which microhabitat features influence such distribution. We monthly assessed from 2017 to 2018, by direct observation combined with quadrat sampling method on the ground and transects on the walls, richness and abundance of 62 cave-dwelling species in a cave of Northern Italy. Environmental factors such as light intensity, temperature, relative humidity and mineralogical composition of the substrates were measured during each monitoring session, influencing the dynamics of the whole community and revealing significant differences between ground and wall microhabitats. A gradient of variation of the species assemblages occurred from the entrance toward inner areas, however, evidence that the dynamics of the walls are very different from those occurring at the ground independent from the distance from the surface are shown. Biodiversity indices highlighted sampling area diversity and a discrete total cave fauna biodiversity with the highest values found near the entrance and the lowest in the inner part of the cave.

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Research Article Thu, 14 Oct 2021 07:40:43 +0300
Chthonius kirghisicus (Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae), a new cave-dwelling species from Kyrgyzstan https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/67303/ Subterranean Biology 40: 27-41

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.40.67303

Authors: Guilherme C. Prado, Ana Clara M. Viana, Dmitry A. Milko, Rodrigo L. Ferreira

Abstract: A new pseudoscorpion species, Chthonius kirghisicus sp. nov., is described. It can be distinguished from the other species of the genus mainly by the number and shape of chelal teeth, the number of coxae setae, the arrangement of carapacal setae, and its measurements. This new species represents the first record for the genus in Kyrgyzstan. We also provide recommendations for future research on this species.

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Research Article Tue, 14 Sep 2021 10:27:14 +0300
A comparison of collecting methods in relation to the diversity of Collembola in scree habitats https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/69808/ Subterranean Biology 40: 1-26

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.40.69808

Authors: Nikola Jureková, Natália Raschmanová, Dana Miklisová, Ľubomír Kováč

Abstract: We compared the species composition, relative abundances and life form structure of subterranean Collembola (Hexapoda) captured by two different methods along a depth gradient of five forested scree sites in the Western Carpathians, Slovakia: (1) high-gradient extraction of soil samples, and (2) collection using subterranean traps. Our results showed that the soil samples were more efficient in covering species richness at the majority of the sites. The body size of the captured animals depended remarkably on the sampling method. Extraction was more effective in collecting smaller, less active hemi- and euedaphic forms of Collembola, while collection by subterranean traps favoured both motile ground-dwelling as well as relatively large, active euedaphobionts. Additionally, different trends in the vertical stratification of Collembola life forms and their relative abundances were detected by the two methods. Atmobionts and epigeonts, forming the greater part of the communities in traps compared to soil samples, were distributed along the entire scree profiles, but their relative abundance and species numbers had a strongly decreasing trend with depth. Moreover, motile, large hemi- and euedaphic forms had high relative abundances in traps in the middle and deeper scree levels at three sites. In contrast, in soil samples the hemi- and euedaphobionts with small body size were abundant on the surface of the MSS sites. Thus, soil sampling applied before installation of subterranean traps may serve as an appropriate complementary technique to obtain a more complete pattern of Collembola diversity in forested scree habitats.

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Research Article Tue, 14 Sep 2021 10:20:37 +0300
Revalidation of the stygobiotic species Haber zavreli (Hrabĕ, 1942) (Clitellata, Naididae, Tubificinae) with discussion on the closely related species Haber speciosus (Hrabĕ, 1931) and Haber monfalconensis (Hrabĕ, 1966) https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/68397/ Subterranean Biology 39: 143-156

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.39.68397

Authors: Elzbieta Dumnicka, Agata Z. Wojtal

Abstract: During studies of aquatic fauna in wells situated near Kraków (South Poland), many specimens of clitellates were found. The detailed description of the setal formula and genital organs of the collected individuals made it possible to distinguish Haber zavreli (Hrabĕ, 1942) from the related species: H. speciosus (Hrabĕ, 1931) including synonymized H. simsi and its forms known from the USA (H. speciosus simsi and H. speciosus fluminialis) and H. monfalconensis (Hrabĕ, 1966). In addition, remarks concerning the morphologically similar Haber vetus (Semernoy, 1982) described from Lake Baikal and the stygobiotic species H. turquinae (Juget & Lafont, 1979) are included.

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Research Article Mon, 13 Sep 2021 10:19:36 +0300
A remarkable new genus and species of subterranean freshwater snail from a recently dried-up spring of Viesca, Coahuila, Northern Mexico https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/67799/ Subterranean Biology 39: 129-141

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.39.67799

Authors: Alexander Czaja, Nicholas S. Gladstone, Jorge Luis Becerra-López, José Luis Estrada-Rodríguez, Jorge Sáenz‑Mata, Fernando Hernández-Terán

Abstract: This paper describes a new genus and species of subterranean gastropod from a karstic region near Viesca, Coahuila in northern Mexico. Shells of Phreatoviesca spinosa gen. nov. et sp. nov. were found in spring-deposited sediments near the outlet of a cave that dried up in the late 20th century. The new genus can be primarily distinguished conchologically from other phreatic genera by three remarkable characteristics: (i) prominent open coiling of the last whorl, (ii) shovel-shaped spine ornamentations on the teleoconch, and (iii) a coarsely honeycomb-like pitted protoconch structure. Since only dry shells were found, the new species could already be extinct. However, in view of the relative recent drying up of the spring, we consider that Phreatoviesca spinosa is possibly extant in the aquifers in or adjacent to the Viesca region.

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Research Article Thu, 5 Aug 2021 08:56:19 +0300
Variability in macrozoobenthic assemblages along a gradient of environmental conditions in the stream water of karst caves (Lower Shakuranskaya Cave, western Caucasus) https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/65733/ Subterranean Biology 39: 107-127

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.39.65733

Authors: Rostislav R. Borisov, Elena S. Chertoprud, Dmitry M Palatov, Anna A. Novichkova

Abstract: The fauna of the stream water in the Lower Shakuranskaya Cave in central Abkhazia, western Caucasus, was studied. This cave has a large inlet and an extended entrance ecotone area of approximately 60 m, which makes it a convenient area for studying macrozoobenthic assemblages across a gradient of environmental factors. The cave has 13 species of stygobionts, 10 species of stygophiles and 18 species of stygoxenes. The number of species and the abundance and biomass of stygobionts per station were the highest near the boundary of the photic zone, at a distance of 50–60 m from the entrance to the cave, and gradually decreased toward both the remote parts of the cavity and the cave exit. The most abundant stygobionts were gastropod mollusks of the Hydrobiidae family, and Xiphocaridinella shrimp comprised the main part of the biomass. It has been shown that the main environmental factors determining the distribution of macrozoobenthos are luminosity and distance from the entrance to a cave. According to the differences in their reactions to these environmental factors, several groups of species were identified. In addition, three main assemblages of macrozoobenthic species were described: (1) an assemblage of epigean species near the cave entrance area; (2) stygobionts in remote parts of the cave outside the photic zone; and (3) a mixed assemblage in the cave ecotone, where a faint light penetrates. The specific details related to the faunal structure in the ecotone of the cave are discussed, as well as active and passive methods by which stygoxenes invade underground cavities.

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Research Article Tue, 27 Jul 2021 08:32:12 +0300
Refining sampling protocols for cavefishes and cave crayfishes to account for environmental variation https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/64279/ Subterranean Biology 39: 79-105

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.39.64279

Authors: Joshua B. Mouser, Shannon K. Brewer, Matthew L. Niemiller, Robert Mollenhauer, Ronald A. Van Den Bussche

Abstract: Subterranean habitats represent focal habitats in many conservation strategies; however, these environments are some of the most difficult to sample. New sampling methods, such as environmental DNA (eDNA), show promise to improve stygobiont detection, but sources of sampling bias are poorly understood. Therefore, we determined the factors affecting detection probability using traditional visual surveys and eDNA surveys for both cavefishes and cave crayfishes and demonstrated how detection affects survey efforts for these taxa. We sampled 40 sites (179 visual and 183 eDNA surveys) across the Ozark Highlands ecoregion. We estimated the detection probability of cave crayfishes and cavefishes using both survey methods under varying environmental conditions. The effectiveness of eDNA or visual surveys varied by environmental conditions (i.e., water volume, prevailing substrate, and water velocity) and the target taxa. When sampling in areas with average water velocity, no flow, and coarse substrate, eDNA surveys had a higher detection probability (0.49) than visual surveys (0.35) for cavefishes and visual surveys (0.67) had a higher detection probability than eDNA surveys (0.40) for cave crayfishes. Under the same sampling conditions, 5 visual surveys compared to 10 eDNA surveys would be needed to confidently detect cave crayfishes and 9 visual surveys compared to 4 eDNA surveys for cavefishes. Environmental DNA is a complementary tool to traditional visual surveys; however, the limitations we identified indicate eDNA currently cannot replace visual surveys in subterranean environments. Although sampling designs that account for imperfect sampling are particularly useful, they may not be practical; thus, increasing sampling efforts to offset known detection bias would benefit conservation strategies.

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Research Article Wed, 9 Jun 2021 08:31:36 +0300
Host-parasite associations in a population of the nectarivorous bat Anoura geoffroyi (Phyllostomidae) in a cave in a Brazilian ferruginous geosystem https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/64552/ Subterranean Biology 39: 63-77

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.39.64552

Authors: Luísa Lauren Lima Vidal, Leopoldo Ferreira Oliveira Bernardi, Sonia Aparecida Talamoni

Abstract: Parasitic relationships between Neotropical bats and their ectoparasites are not well known, even though parasitism is one of the factors that can affect the fitness of a host population. This study characterized parasite-host relationships in relation to sex, age, body size and reproductive status in a population of Anoura geoffroyi using the indices of Prevalence, Mean Intensity and Mean Abundance. Total prevalence for 93 sampled bats was 94.6%. Two species of streblid flies that are considered primary parasites of A. geoffroyi, Exastinion clovisi (n = 203) and Anastrebla modestini (n = 152), were the most abundant ectoparasites, followed by Trichobius sp. (n = 7). Two mite species, Periglischrus vargasi (Spinturnicidae) (n = 98) and Spelaeorhynchus praecursor (Spelaeorhynchidae) (n = 11), were also found. We recorded higher mean abundance and intensity of parasitism in pregnant females compared to reproductive males and reproductively inactive females, for different specific associations of ectoparasites. Host age and body condition had no effect on the parasitological indices. Even with high rates of parasitism, parasitic load did not influence host body condition, but infestation rates by mites were higher in reproductive males and higher by flies in reproductive females, showing that ectoparasites can have variable influences between the different stages of the life history of these host bats. Thus, the reproductive activity of the hosts could be an adverse factor for resistance to parasite infestations.

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Research Article Wed, 9 Jun 2021 08:12:59 +0300
Chaimowiczia: a new Iuiuniscinae genus from Brazil (Oniscidea, Synocheta, Styloniscidae) with the description of two new troglobitic species https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/65305/ Subterranean Biology 39: 45-62

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.39.65305

Authors: Giovanna Monticelli Cardoso, Rafaela Bastos-Pereira, Leila Aparecida Souza, Rodrigo L. Ferreira

Abstract: A new genus of Styloniscidae, Chaimowiczia gen. nov., is described with two new species: Chaimowiczia tatus sp. nov. from Gruta do Padre cave (Santana, Bahia) and Chaimowiczia uai sp. nov. from Lapa d’água do Zezé cave (Itacarambi, Minas Gerais). The new genus and species were allocated into the subfamily Iuiuniscinae, hitherto monotypic, by the pronounced rectangular-shaped lateral pereonites epimera, dorsal surface smooth, body outline continuous without a gap between pereon and pleon, and pleonites 3 to 5 developed forming tips. The two species of Chaimowiczia gen. nov. differ in the shape of cephalon antennal lobes, pereonite 1 epimera, pleonite 5 posterior margin and uropod exopod and endopod proportion.

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Research Article Tue, 8 Jun 2021 16:12:37 +0300
A new subterranean species of Anillinus Casey (Carabidae, Trechinae, Anillini) from Florida https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/65769/ Subterranean Biology 39: 33-44

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.39.65769

Authors: Igor M. Sokolov, Kyle E. Schnepp

Abstract: A new species of blind subterranean ground beetle in the genus Anillinus Casey is described from Florida. Anillinus albrittonorum sp. nov. (type locality: 6 miles NW High Springs, Columbia County, Florida) has a unique structure of female genitalia and occupies an isolated position within the genus. This new species is illustrated with images of the habitus, body parts, and male and female genitalia. Relationships of A. albrittonorum to other members of the genus are discussed.

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Research Article Tue, 8 Jun 2021 08:26:26 +0300
Citizen science approach reveals groundwater fauna in Switzerland and a new species of Niphargus (Amphipoda, Niphargidae) https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/66755/ Subterranean Biology 39: 1-31

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.39.66755

Authors: Roman Alther, Nicole Bongni, Špela Borko, Cene Fišer, Florian Altermatt

Abstract: Knowledge on the diversity and distribution of subterranean organisms is still scattered, even in faunistically relatively well-researched countries such as Switzerland. This is mostly due to the restricted access to these subterranean habitats. Better knowledge on these organisms is needed, because they contribute substantially to overall biodiversity of a region, often contain unique elements of biodiversity, and can potentially be indicative of the ecological status of subterranean ecosystems that are providing important ecosystem services such as drinking water. Past research on subterranean organisms has often used highly specialised sampling techniques and expert knowledge. Here, we show that inclusion of non-professionals can be an alternative and highly promising sampling strategy. We retrieved citizen science-based samples from municipal groundwater wells across Switzerland, mainly from the Swiss Plateau. Opportunistic samples from 313 sites revealed a previously undocumented groundwater fauna including organisms from different major invertebrate groups, with a dominance of crustaceans. Here, we studied amphipods of the genus Niphargus. Among all 363 individuals sampled, we found in total eight nominal species. Two of them, namely N. fontanus and N. kieferi, are reported for Switzerland for the first time. We also found four further phylogenetic lineages that are potentially new species to science. One of them is here formally described as Niphargus arolaensis sp. nov. The description is based on molecular and morphometric data. Our study proves the suitability of citizen science to document subterranean diversity, supports groundwater conservation efforts with data, and raises awareness for the relevance and biodiversity of groundwater amphipods among stakeholders.

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Research Article Tue, 25 May 2021 16:11:25 +0300
Corrigenda: Stygobromus bakeri, a new species of groundwater amphipod (Amphipoda, Crangonyctidae) associated with the Trinity and Edwards aquifers of central Texas, USA. Subterranean Biology 38: 19–45. https://doi: 10.3897/subtbiol.38.61787 https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/68597/ Subterranean Biology 38: 113-115

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.38.68597

Authors: Randy Gibson, Benjamin T. Hutchins, Jean K. Krejca, Peter H. Diaz, Peter S. Sprouse

Abstract: N/A

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Corrigenda Fri, 21 May 2021 16:48:32 +0300
Collembola from Hundidero-Gato Cave in Southern Spain, with the description of a new species of Entomobrya Rondani, 1861 (Collembola, Entomobryidae) https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/66254/ Subterranean Biology 38: 77-90

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.38.66254

Authors: Javier I. Arbea, Virginia García López, Francisco Javier Soria, Pedro Abellán

Abstract: This paper deals with some Collembola from a cave at La Sierra de Grazalema (Málaga). In total, eight species of springtails were found. Two may represent new species but there is insufficient material available to prepare full descriptions (one species in the genus Ceratophysella, one in Hypogastrura), one species (Folsomides cf. ayllonensis) is identified to species, but differences from the nominal species suggest further studies may indicate the Grazalema populations represent a distinct form, and one other is described as new to science, Entomobrya virginiae Arbea, sp. nov. The new species is characterized by no sexual dimorphism in colour pattern, 5 central macrochaetae on Abd II and 4 macrochaetae on Abd III. For the identification and description of the new species, the set of characters proposed by Jordana and Baquero (2005) was used.

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Research Article Mon, 19 Apr 2021 15:14:37 +0300
Reproduction, development, asymmetry and late eye regression in the Brazilian cave catfish Ituglanis passensis (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae): evidence contributing to the neutral mutation theory https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/60691/ Subterranean Biology 38: 91-112

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.31.60691

Authors: Sandro Secutti, Eleonora Trajano

Abstract: The troglobitic (exclusively subterranean source population) catfish Ituglanis passensis (Siluriformes, Trichomycteridae) is endemic to the Passa Três Cave, São Domingos karst area, Rio Tocantins basin, Central Brazil. This unique population presents variably reduced eyes and melanic pigmentation. We describe reproduction and early development in this species based on a spontaneous (non-induced) reproductive-event that occurred in the laboratory in January–February, 2009, while simultaneously comparing with data from the cave-habitat and a previous reproductive event. Egg laying was parceled. Egg-size and number were within variations observed in epigean congeners. Larvae behavior and growth is described. A single surviving specimen was monitored over two years. Eye-regression started late, one year after birth, and followed a pattern of stasis phases intercalated with slow growth and fluctuating asymmetric rates. Late eye regression, associated with asymmetry in eye development and intra-population variability of troglomorphic traits, as shown by several Brazilian subterranean fishes, provide support for the Neutral Mutation Theory.

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Research Article Mon, 19 Apr 2021 08:19:33 +0300
First record of stygobiotic gastropod genus Travunijana Grego & Glöer, 2019 (Mollusca, Hydrobiidae) from Montenegro https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/64762/ Subterranean Biology 38: 65-76

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.38.64762

Authors: Jozef Grego, Vladimir Pešić

Abstract: The stygobiotic genus Travunijana Grego & Glöer, 2019 is one of the typical elements of the subterranean freshwater fauna of the Trebišnjica River Basin in Bosnia and Hercegovina. The previous records of the genus suggested that its distribution was limited to the basin of the Trebišnjica River and adjacent parts of the southwestern Neretva Basin. In this paper we describe a new species, Travunijana djokovici sp. nov. from “Vriješko Vrelo” spring in Montenegro. The recent finding of a new species in the Skadar Lake basin (The Drin River system) suggests the possibility of a subterranean route between the Trebišnjica and the Drin drainages, indicating that likely the endemic subterranean fauna in both basins has a lower level of historical isolation than has been considered so far.

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Research Article Thu, 15 Apr 2021 15:46:00 +0300
Stygobromus bakeri, a new species of groundwater amphipod (Amphipoda, Crangonyctidae) associated with the Trinity and Edwards aquifers of central Texas, USA https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/61787/ Subterranean Biology 38: 19-45

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.38.61787

Authors: Randy Gibson, Benjamin T. Hutchins, Jean K. Krejca, Peter H. Diaz, Peter S. Sprouse

Abstract: A new stygobitic groundwater amphipod species, Stygobromus bakeri sp. nov., is described from 4 central Texas limestone karst springs; John Knox Spring (Comal County), Jacob’s Well (Hays County), Mormon Spring (Travis County) and Salado Springs (Bell County). This species belongs to the predominately western Nearctic hubbsi species group of Stygobromus and differs from other species in the group by gnathopod 1 with row of 4 to 5 setae posterior to the defining angle, pereopods 6 and 7 with broadly expanded bases and distinct distoposterior lobes, gnathopods 1 and 2 with 2 rows of 3 singly inserted setae on the inner palm, and uropod 3 with single, slightly distal peduncular seta. Habitat, sympatric groundwater species, and conservation issues are discussed.

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Research Article Mon, 12 Apr 2021 08:23:58 +0300
The Pennsylvania grotto sculpin: population genetics https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/60865/ Subterranean Biology 38: 47-63

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.38.60865

Authors: Luis Espinasa, Drake M. Smith, Julianna M. Lindquist

Abstract: The Pennsylvania grotto sculpin is known from just two caves of the Nippenose Valley in central Pennsylvania, USA. They exhibit emergent troglobitic morphological traits and are the second northern-most cave adapted fish in the world. Two mitochondrial (16S rRNA and D-loop gene) and one nuclear (S7 ribosomal protein gene intron) gene in both cave and epigean populations were sequenced. For the three markers, a large proportion of cave specimens possess unique haplotypes not found in their local surface counterparts, suggesting a vicariance in their evolutionary history. The cave population also has haplotypes from two separate lineages of surface sculpins of the Cottus cognatus/bairdii species complex. Since morphology, nuclear, and mitochondrial markers are not correlated among cave individuals, hybridization with introgression is suggested.

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Research Article Mon, 12 Apr 2021 08:14:30 +0300
Three new subterranean species of Baezia (Curculionidae, Molytinae) for the Canary Islands https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/61733/ Subterranean Biology 38: 1-18

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.38.61733

Authors: Rafael García, Carmelo Andújar, Pedro Oromí, Brent Emerson, Heriberto López

Abstract: The genus Baezia Alonso-Zarazaga & García, 1999 is endemic to the Canary Islands, where four species were known to date. Based on morphological evidence, three new species of Baezia are described in this study: Baezia aranfaybo García & López, sp. nov. from El Hierro island, and Baezia madai García & Oromí sp. nov. and Baezia tizziri García & Andújar, sp. nov. from La Palma island. Notes on their biology, habitat, and distribution are presented. The number of taxa in this endemic Canarian genus increases to seven eyeless species. One species has been reported from the soil (endogean environment), with the other six associated with caves and the mesovoid shallow substratum (hypogean or subterranean environment). Frequent association with the presence of roots suggests that species of Baezia may inhabit the continuum represented by the endogean and hypogean environments. Identification key to the seven species are provided.

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Research Article Tue, 2 Mar 2021 13:30:02 +0200
Forty-year natural history study of Bahalana geracei Carpenter, 1981, an anchialine cave-dwelling isopod (Crustacea, Isopoda, Cirolanidae) from San Salvador Island, Bahamas: reproduction, growth, longevity, and population structure https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/60653/ Subterranean Biology 37: 105-156

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.37.60653

Authors: Jerry H. Carpenter

Abstract: Almost nothing has been reported on the natural history of any of the world’s 92 species of cave cirolanids, including those from saltwater caves (anchialine). Over 1400 specimens of Bahalana geracei Carpenter, 1981 were collected in two caves from 1978–2018; size-frequency data provided insight into population structure. Some specimens were maintained alive over multiple years to study rarely reported activities for cave cirolanids: feeding, molting, growth, longevity, and reproduction. Photographs document these phenomena. Mating occurred after gravid females shed both halves of reproductive molts. Females can have multiple broods (iteroparous) with ~2.0–3.5 years per reproductive cycle: egg production (~9–24 months), mating, brooding (5–6 months), release of 6–55 mancas (2.3–3.3 mm long), and oostegite molt (~2–13 months after manca release). Estimated lifetime fecundity is 58 mancas per female; probable range is 20–120. In Lighthouse Cave, females outnumbered males (~4:1), grew larger (16.8 vs. 9.5 mm), and lived longer. Growth rates were slow: ~1–2 years for three instars of post-marsupial manca development (from ~2.3–4.0 mm); estimated adult growth rate was 0.8 mm/year (1.6 molts/year) for males, and 0.5 mm/year (1.5 molts/year) for females. Longevity estimates for females are 25–28 years with 23–30 instars, vs. 6–8 years for males with 13–15 instars. Males from Major’s Cave were nearly as numerous and as large (14.8 mm) as females; estimated longevity for males is >20 years. Longevity estimates of >20 years appear to be the longest for any isopod species. Female longevity probably increased by being starvation resistant, surviving multiple broods, cannibalizing smaller B. geracei, and living in a low-stress environment. Populations appear to be stable, relatively large, and not currently threatened.

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Research Article Thu, 25 Feb 2021 08:51:00 +0200
Two new stygobiotic species of Horatia Bourguignat, 1887 (Hydrobiidae) from Croatia https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/61573/ Subterranean Biology 37: 89-104

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.37.61573

Authors: Andrzej Falniowski, Jozef Grego, Aleksandra Rysiewska, Artur Osikowski, Sebastian Hofman

Abstract: In this paper we describe two new species of the freshwater snails of genus Horatia. A new stygobiotic species of Horatia Bourguignat, 1887 is described from Izvor Beguša in Croatia. It occurs in sympatry with the crenobiotic H. klecakiana Bourguignat, 1887, but is morphologically and molecularly distinct. It is characterized by the terminal part of the body whorl separated from the columella, and neither eyes nor any pigment on the soft parts. It is a stygobiont gastropod, known so far only from one living specimen and several empty shells, thus its soft part morphology and anatomy remain unknown. Another new species of stygobiotic Horatia was found inside the cave Mali Rumin, its description is based solely on numerous empty shells from the cave sediments.

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Research Article Tue, 16 Feb 2021 15:13:09 +0200
Living in isolation for almost 40 years: molecular divergence of the 28S rDNA and COI sequences between French and Polish populations of the cave beetle Speonomus normandi hydrophilus (Jeannel, 1907) https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/54720/ Subterranean Biology 37: 75-88

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.37.54720

Authors: Joanna Kocot-Zalewska, Paweł J. Domagała, Barbara Lis

Abstract: The paper gives the results of the first studies on the molecular divergence between native and non-native populations of Speonomus normandi hydrophilus (Jeannel, 1907). This species is endemic to Massif Arize in the Central Pyrenees (France), and represents highly specialised organisms that live underground. In 1982, one hundred specimens of S. normandi hydrophilus had been experimentally introduced into the Dzwonnica Cave (Poland). Since then, a numerous population has developed in the Towarna-Dzwonnica cave system, and the neighbouring Cabanowa Cave. After almost 40 years of isolation between native and non-native populations, the genetic variations were examined using the COI and 28S rDNA genes. Analyses of the haplotypes of 28S showed one common haplogroup, which confirms the origin of the Polish group. The differentiation of haplotypes for the COI marker was high for both the French and Polish populations. Altogether 18 haplotypes of this marker have been detected, 12 in the French population and 9 in the Polish. However, only a portion of the haplotypes is shared between the native and introduced population.

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Research Article Tue, 16 Feb 2021 07:46:30 +0200
Attheyella (Canthosella) thailandica sp. nov. (Copepoda, Harpacticoida, Canthocamptidae) from caves in Thailand https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/55376/ Subterranean Biology 37: 57-73

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.37.55376

Authors: Santi Watiroyram

Abstract: During this sampling campaign, the canthocamptid Attheyella (Canthosella) thailandica sp. nov. was collected from various caves in Thailand. The new species is widely distributed in the country and favours habitats, such as phytotelmata and wet soil. Attheyella (Canthosella) thailandica sp. nov. is the second member of the genus to be found in Thailand, after Attheyella (Canthosella) vietnamica Borutzky (1967), which is most similar to it. Amongst Asian species, both A. (C.) thailandica sp. nov. and A. (C.) vietnamica have identical setal formulae, with a greater number of armatures on the distal endopods of legs 2–4. However, A. (C.) thailandica sp. nov. markedly differs from A. (C.) vietnamica in the insertion point of the dorsal seta and the presence of inner spinules on the caudal ramus. Additionally, the leg 4 endopod is two-segmented in A. (C.) thailandica sp. nov., but one-segmented in A. (C.) vietnamica.

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Research Article Thu, 28 Jan 2021 09:16:31 +0200
A new troglobitic species of Allochthonius (subgenus Urochthonius) (Pseudoscorpiones, Pseudotyrannochthoniidae) from Japan https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/58580/ Subterranean Biology 37: 43-55

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.37.58580

Authors: Ana Clara Moreira Viana, Rodrigo Lopes Ferreira

Abstract: Allochthonius (Urochthonius) yoshizawai sp. nov., found in Hiura-do Cave, a limestone cave located in the municipality of Kumakogen, Ehime Prefecture, Japan, is described. It can be distinguished from the consubgeneric species mainly by the carapacal chaetotaxy (6–2, 18), by the presence of 6 setae on the cheliceral palm, by the rallum with 11 blades, by the presence of 8 clavate coxal blades on coxae I, and by the decreased number and distinct shape of the chelal teeth. A redescription of the subgenus Urochthonius, and keys to the subgenera of Allochthonius and to the species and subspecies of Urochthonius are also provided, as well as some ecological remarks, a brief discussion on troglomorphisms for the subgenus, and potential threats for this species.

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Research Article Wed, 20 Jan 2021 15:48:40 +0200
First record of a cavernicolous Kinnaridae from the Old World (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Fulgoromorpha, Kinnaridae, Adolendini) provides testimony of an ancient fauna https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/60483/ Subterranean Biology 37: 1-26

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.37.60483

Authors: Hannelore Hoch, Alberto Sendra, Sergio Montagud, Santiago Teruel, Rodrigo Lopes Ferreira

Abstract: A new obligately cavernicolous species in the planthopper family Kinnaridae is described from Spain. This is the first record of a cavernicolous kinnarid from the Old World, and the first record of a troglobitic fulgoromorphan hemipteran from mainland Spain, and also the 7th cavernicolous kinnarid species worldwide. Epigean Kinnaridae are not known from the present-day fauna of the Iberian Peninsula nor from Western Europe at large. The new species is regarded as a relict from an ancient fauna which is now extinct. The new cavernicolous species could not be assigned to any of the existing genera, thus a new genus is established. Molecular data (COI barcode sequence) for the new species are presented. For the first time, a detailed description of the nymphal morphology of a kinnarid is provided. Information on its ecology, behaviour, distribution and conservation status is given, and biogeographic implications are discussed.

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Research Article Mon, 11 Jan 2021 09:34:39 +0200
Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae) from iron ore caves in the State of Pará, Brazil https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/57534/ Subterranean Biology 37: 27-42

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.37.57534

Authors: Layane Meira Teodoro, Gustavo Mayr de Lima Carvalho, Aldenise Martins Campos, Roberta Fernanda Ventura Cerqueira, Marconi Souza-Silva, Rodrigo Lopes Ferreira, Ricardo Andrade Barata

Abstract: The present study aimed to evaluate the distribution of sand fly species in iron ore caves in the State of Pará, Brazil and to associate the richness and abundance of these insects with the capacity of leishmaniasis transmission. Entomological captures were carried out in the years 2010, 2013, 2014 and 2015, throughout active samples with brushes, along the entire caves’ extension, in dry and rainy periods. A total of 9,807 sand flies were counted during the 532 samplings events, being 4,340 in the dry period and 5,467 in the rainy period. A random sample of 802 morphologically identified specimens consisted of 8 genera and 17 species, being 369 males (46%) and 433 females (54%). The predominant species was Sciopemyia sordellii with 60.6% of the total of sand flies collected. Differences in composition and richness were observed between caves located inside of forest and anthropized areas. The mean richness and abundance were different between the wet and rainy periods, with a greater abundance of these insects in the rainy period. The phlebotomine fauna proved to be rich and abundant in the sampled caves, however, environmental degradation seems to be the main factor determining changes in the composition and richness, reinforces the importance of these places as a shelter for sand flies in degraded areas.

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Research Article Mon, 11 Jan 2021 08:11:37 +0200
Uptaded checklist, historical overview and illustrated guide to the stygobiont Malacostraca (Arthropoda: Crustacea) species of Yucatan (Mexico) https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/53558/ Subterranean Biology 36: 83-108

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.36.53558

Authors: Dorottya Angyal, Nuno Simões, Maite Mascaró

Abstract: This study provides an updated checklist and an illustrated guide to the 17 currently known stygobiont Malacostraca species of the state of Yucatan (Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico). The compilation is based on the individuals collected during our cave-diving expeditions (2016–2019), and, has the purpose of expanding previous knowledge on the taxonomy of these subterranean crustaceans. The identification guide contains drawings of the main diagnostic characters of the species as well as a brief introduction of the relevant malacostracan orders. The information is further complemented with a historic account and timeline of the stygobiont Malacostraca species of the Yucatan Peninsula. This is the first study that provides a unified tool for the morphological identification of these highly endemic species.

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Research Article Mon, 30 Nov 2020 08:47:45 +0200
Let research on subterranean habitats resonate! https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/59960/ Subterranean Biology 36: 63-71

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.36.59960

Authors: Stefano Mammola, Alejandro Martinez

Abstract: Whereas scientists interested in subterranean life typically insist that their research is exciting, adventurous, and important to answer general questions, this enthusiasm and potential often fade when the results are translated into scientific publications. This is because cave research is often written by cave scientists for cave scientists; thus, it rarely “leaves the cave”. However, the status quo is changing rapidly. We analysed 21,486 articles focused on subterranean ecosystems published over the last three decades and observed a recent, near-exponential increase in their annual citations and impact factor. Cave research is now more often published in non-specialized journals, thanks to a number of authors who are exploiting subterranean habitats as model systems for addressing important scientific questions. Encouraged by this positive trend, we here propose a few personal ideas for improving the generality of subterranean literature, including tips for framing broadly scoped research and making it accessible to a general audience, even when published in cave-specialized journals. Hopefully, this small contribution will succeed in condensing and broadcasting even further the collective effort taken by the subterranean biology community to bring their research “outside the cave”.

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Short Communication Mon, 16 Nov 2020 16:16:56 +0200
The Wynberg Cave System, the most important site for cave fauna in South Africa at risk https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/60162/ Subterranean Biology 36: 73-81

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.36.60162

Authors: Rodrigo Lopes Ferreira, Gonzalo Giribet, Gerhard Du Preez, Oresti Ventouras, Charlene Janion, Marconi Souza Silva

Abstract: The Wynberg Cave System, located on the Cape Peninsula, represents one of the most significant sites of cave fauna in southern Africa. However, the continuous increase in cave visitation is severely impacting the system as evidenced by graffiti, the trampling and destruction of cave habitats and even a reduction in the sizes of bat colonies. In October 2019, the Wynberg Cave System was visited by a group of scientist, who discovered unregistered troglomorphic species. This, subsequently increased the number of troglobites occurring in the system to 19, which likely means that this system has the potential to become the first hotspot of subterranean biodiversity in Africa. Protecting the Wynberg Cave System is therefore of great importance. Here, we propose short and long-term strategies that include educating local communities on the importance of conserving caves and installing gated entrances.

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Short Communication Mon, 16 Nov 2020 14:45:44 +0200
First record of the genus Graeconiscus Strouhal, 1940 (Isopoda, Oniscidea, Trichoniscidae) in the Iberian Peninsula with the description of a new troglobitic species https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/58272/ Subterranean Biology 36: 51-61

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.36.58272

Authors: Lluc Garcia, Adrià Miralles-Núñez, Toni Pérez-Fernández

Abstract: Graeconiscus gevi sp. nov., a new troglobitic terrestrial isopod (family Trichoniscidae, subfamily Haplophthalminae), is described. The specimens of the new species are found in the Cueva del Yeso III, in the province of Málaga (SE Spain). Graeconiscus gevi sp. nov. is closely related to Graeconiscus thermophilus (Çaglar, 1948), an oculate species from Turkey and some Eastern Mediterranean islands. The morphological differences between both species are discussed and illustrated by SEM images of specimens from Málaga and Cyprus. The studied material represents the first record of the genus Graeconiscus in the Iberian Peninsula.

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Research Article Mon, 16 Nov 2020 08:41:48 +0200
A new species of Neocarus (Opilioacaridae) from a Brazilian ferruginous geosystem and notes on natural history https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/54034/ Subterranean Biology 36: 11-33

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.36.54034

Authors: Leopoldo Ferreira de Oliveira Bernardi, Robson de Almeida Zampaulo, Marcus Paulo Alves de Oliveira

Abstract: A new species of Neocarus is described from adult female and male specimens collected from an epigean and hypogean ferruginous geosystem located in southeast Brazil. The new species, Neocarus simmonsi sp. nov., possesses 15–17 ch-type palp setae, nude female pregenital Sternitogenital region, cylindrical ovipositor without setae, and a peculiar variation of setae in the genital and pregenital Sternitogenital region of the male, with smooth and tapering setae and/or barbed and tapering setae and/or stout and ribbed setae. Female genital setae are barbed, tapering and with a thin tip. Aspects of the ecology and life history of these mites are also presented.

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Research Article Mon, 16 Nov 2020 08:23:35 +0200
Groundwater annelids from Gran Canaria and Fuerteventura (Canary Islands), with the description of two new species of Namanereis (Namanereidinae, Nereididae, Polychaeta) https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/55090/ Subterranean Biology 36: 35-49

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.36.55090

Authors: Jorge Núñez, Christopher J. Glasby, Manuel Naranjo

Abstract: The Canary Islands are the richest volcanic region in the world in subterranean adapted fauna, followed by the Hawaiian Islands and the Undara Cave in Australia. Most of the subterranean adapted aquatic fauna from the Canary Islands is restricted to the anchialine environments in La Corona lava tube in Lanzarote, while the oligohaline stygobiont fauna, usually found in groundwater or interstitial freshwaters, is scarcer and represented by a few species of amphipods, copepods, and a single polychaete annelid recorded from Fuerteventura and doubtfully identified as Namanereis hummelincki (non Augener, 1933) (Hartmann-Schröder, 1988). Two new species of polychaete annelids belonging to the subfamily Namanereidinae are described from Gran Canaria and Fuerteventura. Both species live in groundwater, are depigmented and eyeless, and have bifid jaws. Although they are seemingly more related to each other than to other members of the bifid-jaw group, Namanereis canariarum sp. nov. can be diagnosed by its relatively longer tentacular cirri and parapodial dorsal cirri, as well as the presence of pseudospiniger chaetae. In contrast, Namanereis llanetensis sp. nov. has shorter cirri and usually lacks pseudospiniger chaetae. Namanereis canariarum sp. nov. and Namanereis llanetensis sp. nov. increase to 20 the total number of currently described species within this enigmatic genus. More than half of those species are adapted to live in groundwaters.

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Research Article Mon, 16 Nov 2020 08:23:20 +0200
A new species of Laoennea microsnail (Stylommatophora, Diapheridae) from a cave in Laos https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/58977/ Subterranean Biology 36: 1-9

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.36.58977

Authors: Adrienne Jochum, Estée Bochud, Adrien Favre, Marina Ferrand, Quentin Wackenheim

Abstract: The genus Laoennea (Streptaxoidea, Diapheridae) was erected by Páll-Gergely, 2020. The type species, Laoennea carychioides Páll-Gergely, A. Reischütz & Maassen, 2020 is so far only known from the type locality cave in Laos. Herein, we describe a second species, Laoennea renouardi sp. nov., from a nearby cave in the same karst region of Vientiane Province.

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Research Article Fri, 13 Nov 2020 08:53:42 +0200
Hydraulic flow resistance of epigean and hypogean fish of the family Trichomycteridae (Ostariophysi, Siluriformes) https://subtbiol.pensoft.net/article/55064/ Subterranean Biology 35: 97-110

DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.35.55064

Authors: Francisco Alexandre Costa Sampaio, Marina Silva Rufino, Paulo Santos Pompeu, Hersília de Andrade е Santos, Rodrigo Lopes Ferreira

Abstract: Critical swimming speeds of four trichomycterid fish species from epigean and hypogean environments were analyzed and compared: Trichomycterus itacarambiensis and Ituglanis passensis, both troglobitic from underground rivers; Trichomycterus brasiliensis, from epigean rivers; and Ituglanis sp., an undescribed troglophilic species from an underground stream. Swimming tests were conducted with a non-volitional apparatus in which fish swim against a progressive incremental water velocity until they longer resist the flow. Total length was significantly related to critical speed for only T. itacarambiensis. The critical speed obtained by each species, in decreasing order, with values in lengths per second (lengths/s), were: I. passensis (3.61), T. itacarambiensis (3.49), T. brasiliensis (3.11) and Ituglanis sp. (1.89). Swimming performance differed between the congeners T. itacarambiensis and T. brasiliensis, but did not differed between I. passensis and Ituglanis sp. The greater speed for the troglobitic species compared to that of the troglophilic and epigean species is probably related to seasonal flooding pulses that can be extremely severe in caves. Furthermore, during the tests, fish were observed using their mouth and/or barbels to fasten themselves to the substrate to avoid high flows.

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Research Article Fri, 23 Oct 2020 08:22:32 +0300